Wells: Pharmacotherapy Handbook 8th Edition

Pharmacotherapy Handbook 8th Edition provides practitioners and students with the critical information necessary to support drug therapy decision making for more than 140 diseases and disorders. Featuring a convenient alphabetized presentation, this handy guide utilizes tables, texts, figures, and treatment algorithms to make the information readily accessible and easily understood.

The consistent chapter organization includes:

• Disease state definition
• Review of relevant pathophysiology
• Clinical presentation
• Diagnosis 
• Desired outcome
• Treatment
• Monitoring

The Treatment section usually includes nonpharmacologic therapy, drug selection guidelines, dosing recommendations, adverse effects, pharmacokinetic considerations, and important drug interactions.

Contents 

SECTION 1: BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS, Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 1. Gout and Hyperuricemia
• 2. Osteoarthritis
• 3. Osteoporosis
• 4. Rheumatoid Arthritis

SECTION 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 5. Acute Coronary Syndromes
• 6. Arrhythmias
• 7. Cardiac Arrest
• 8. Dyslipdemia
• 9. Heart Failure
• 10. Hypertension
• 11. Ischemic Heart Disease
• 12. Shock
• 13. Stroke
• 14. Venous Thromboembolism

SECTION 3: DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 15. Acne Vulgaris
• 16. Dermatologic Drug Reactions and Common Skin Problems
• 17. Psoriasis

SECTION 4: ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 18. Adrenal Gland Disorders
• 19. Diabetes Mellitus
• 20. Thyroid Disorders

SECTION 5: GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS, Edited by Joseph T. DiPiro and Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 21. Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
• 22. Constipation
• 23. Diarrhea
• 24. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• 25. Hepatitis, Viral
• 26. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• 27. Nausea and Vomiting
• 28. Pancreatitis
• 29. Peptic Ulcer Disease

SECTION 6: GYNECOLOGIC AND OBSTETRIC DISORDERS, Edited by Barbara G. Wells

• 30. Contraception
• 31. Menopause & Perimenopausal & Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
• 32. Pregnancy and Lactation: Therapeutic Considerations

SECTION 7: HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 33. Anemias
• 34. Sickle Cell Disease

SECTION 8: INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Edited by Joseph T. DiPiro

• 35. Antimicrobial Regimen Selection
• 36. Central Nervous System Infections
• 37. Endocarditis
• 38. Fungal Infections, Invasive
• 39. Gastrointestinal Infections
• 40. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
• 41. Influenza
• 42. Intraabdominal Infections
• 43. Respiratory Tract Infections, Lower
• 44. Respiratory Tract Infections, Upper
• 45. Sepsis and Septic Shock
• 46. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• 47. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
• 48. Surgical Prophylaxis
• 49. Tuberculosis
• 50. Urinary Tract Infections and Prostatitis
• 51. Vaccines, Toxoids, and Other Immunobiologics

SECTION 9: NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Barbara G. Wells

• 52. Alzheimer's Disease
• 53. Epilepsy
• 54. Headache: Migraine and Tension-Type
• 55. Pain Management
• 56. Parkinson's Disease
• 57. Status Epilepticus

SECTION 10: NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 58. Assessment of Nutrition Status and Nutrition Requirements
• 59. Enteral Nutrition
• 60. Obesity
• 61. Parenteral Nutrition

SECTION 11: ONCOLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 62. Breast Cancer
• 63. Colorectal Cancer
• 64. Lung Cancer
• 65. Lymphomas
• 66. Prostate Cancer
• 67. Renal Cell Carcinoma

SECTION 12: OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 68. Glaucoma

SECTION 13: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, Edited by Barbara G. Wells

• 69. Anxiety Disorders
• 70. Bipolar Disorder
• 71. Major Depressive Disorder
• 72. Schizophrenia
• 73. Sleep Disorders
• 74. Substance-Related Disorders

SECTION 14: RENAL DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 75. Acid-Base Disorders
• 76. Acute Kidney Injury
• 77. Chronic Kidney Disease
• 78. Drug Therapy Individualization for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
• 79. Electrolyte Homeostasis

SECTION 15: RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, Edited by Terry L. Schwinghammer

• 80. Allergic Rhinitis
• 81. Asthma
• 82. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

SECTION 16: UROLOGIC DISORDERS, Edited by Cecily V. DiPiro

• 83. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• 84. Erectile Dysfunction
• 85. Urinary Incontinence

APPENDICES, Edited by Barbara G. Wells

• Appendix 1: Allergic and Pseudoallergic Drug Reactions
• Appendix 2: Geriatrics
• Appendix 3: Drug-Induced Hematologic Disorders
• Appendix 4: Drug-Induced Liver Disease
• Appendix 5: Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
• Appendix 6: Drug-Induced Kidney Disease

Index

About the Author

• Barbara G. Wells, PharmD, FASHP, FCCP, BCPP, Dean and Professor, Executive Director, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.
• Joseph T. DiPiro, PharmD, FCCP, Professor and Executive Dean, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and University of South Carolina, Columbia.
• Terry L. Schwinghamamer, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP, FAPhA, BCPS, Professor and Chair, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
• Cecily V. DiPiro, PharmD, Consultant Pharmacist, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.

Product Details

• Paperback: 1176 pages
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical; 8 edition (October 10, 2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0071748342
• ISBN-13: 978-0071748346
• Product Dimensions: 8.2 x 4.7 x 1.9 inches

List Price: $55.00 

 

Woolley: A Guide to Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk 2nd Edition

The first edition of this book arose out of my perception that there is a large amount of toxicology lore that is widely accepted as fact and used in toxicological reports, but is not supported by easily accessible references. I also felt that there was a need for a practical, user-friendly introductory text for those coming to toxicology from related fields or professions, and who need some insight into how toxicity studies and investigations are carried out. I thought that the book should be informative but readable and should also act as a gateway to the subject, indicating where further information can be found, including the use of websites for literature searches and other areas, such as regulations and guidelines.

The book is set out as a guide on how to evaluate toxicity and then how to handle and use the data that are generated. After an introduction to the concepts of toxicology, the book takes the reader through the processes of toxicity testing and interpretation before looking at the concepts of hazard prediction and risk assessment and management. Two final chapters look at the evaluation of different chemical classes and at the future of toxicity testing and risk assessment. The audience for this book includes, new graduates starting careers in toxicology, those coming to the subject from different fields, and specialists in particular areas of toxicology who need some background on the other areas.

It is inevitable that as soon as a book hits the shelves (or screens), it will go out-of-date and the pressures of wanting to be up-to-date must be balanced against those to finish the manuscript on time. Suffice it to say that I was aware that the first edition lacked some areas that needed to be addressed, such as safety pharmacology, and would certainly need to be updated if ever a second edition became necessary. Accordingly, this new edition includes two entirely new chapters, one on safety pharmacology and one on the evaluation of different chemical classes. The chapter on alternatives has been completely rewritten and all the others have been reviewed and revised to a greater or lesser extent. The glossary has been expanded slightly and the index has been improved.

I acknowledge that there was some bias toward pharmaceuticals in the first edition in the treatment of the various subject areas. As I am largely a pharmaceutical toxicologist, this bias is still present to some extent; but I have attempted to write the book such that toxicologists in all areas of chemical evaluation may benefit from it. The basic principles of toxicology are common to all areas, whether you are evaluating pharmaceuticals or industrial chemicals. The main differences are in the regulatory guidelines addressed and in the philosophy required in each area; these differences are addressed in the new chapter on different chemical classes.

Throughout the book, words like “may,” “could,” and “however” appear frequently; this is tacit recognition that there are few certainties in life beyond the single gold standard that wherever a statement is made there will be someone to disagree with it. As with any walk of life, if a situation is seen as black and white, it simply means that the intervening shades of grey have not been discovered or are not understood. This is particularly true for any aspect or judgment or interpretation; differing opinions between toxicologists, especially toxicological pathologists, can be extremely frustrating for anyone needing a definitive answer to a question of safety. Getting a decision wrong in toxicology can be associated with far reaching adverse effects and with consequent litigation or (politically far worse) loss of votes. For this reason, toxicologists (especially those in regulatory agencies) tend to be conservative in their opinions; this is not necessarily a bad thing. However, conservatism is made more likely by poor, incomplete, or poorly understood data or results, which may lead to imposition of inappropriately restrictive exposure limits.

As I said in the preface to the first edition, the vastness of the subject means that this book cannot hope to be detailed or complete, for reasons of brevity and time. In view of this, the intention is to provide a basis of knowledge—a series of pointers—which can be expanded through use of the bibliography and references given. There are many different ways of achieving an objective in toxicological study and evaluation, and this book cannot pretend to address them all or to be absolutely definitive in any one area. Toxicologists are known for their differences in opinions and I am (still) just another opinionated toxicologist.

Toxicology is a dynamic subject with unique relevance to the public and, as a result, places heavy responsibility on the people who practice it, those who register or accredit toxicologists, and those who regulate or manage it. The future of toxicology is assured; the means of its future investigation is changing and it behoves us to think about what we are doing or what we are asking toxicologists to do (or, more importantly, not to do). As toxicologists, we should do nothing without thought, without considering the impact of our actions on the animals we use, on the public, or a host of other stakeholders. In many ways, if I cause the reader to think more about toxicology and its importance and impact on this world, I will have achieved one of my unwritten objectives.

- The Author -

 

Contents
1. Introduction to Toxicology: The Necessity of Measurement

• Introduction
• The Beginnings of Toxicological Measurement
• Toxicology and Toxicity Defined
• It is Natural So It Must be Safe - Everyday Toxicological Conundrums
• Natural Medicines and Poisons
• General Objectives of Toxicological Study
• Nature and Outcome of Toxic Reactions
• Cellular Basis and Consequences of Toxic Change
• Expression of Toxicity
• Target Organ Expression of Toxicity
• The Necessity for Toxicological Assessment
• Ethics of Toxicological Assessment
• The Three Rs: Reduce, Refine, and Replace

2. Normality: Definition and Maintenance

• Introduction
• What is Normality?
• Normality as a Range
• Experimental Normality
• Protocol Design and Procedure as Sources of Abnormality
• Control Groups as Normality
• Establishing and Maintaining Normality in Experimental Groups
• Baseline Data and Historical Controls

3. Determination of Toxicity: The Basic Principles

• Circumstances of Toxicity Testing
• Effects Sought in Toxicity Studies
• Basic Principles of Toxicological Investigation
• Toxicokinetic Design
• Regulatory Framework and Influences
• Regulation of Study Conduct - Good Laboratory Practice

4. Determination of Toxicity: In Vitro and Alternatives

• Introduction
• Rationale for In Vitro Toxicology
• How and When to Use In Vitro or Alternative Techniques
• Considerations in Screening Program Design
• Areas of Use of In Vitro Toxicology
• Considerations in the Development of In Vitro Tests
• Validation of In Vitro Methods
• Test Systems and Endpoints
• Toxicity in Silico
• Computer Prediction Systems
• Target Organ Toxicity
• Functional Toxicity Testing
• Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology In Vitro
• Metabolism
• Kinetics
• Toxicity Testing
• Carcinogenicity
• Reproductive Toxicity
• Irritation and Corrosion
• Phototoxicity
• Ecotoxicology
• Pitfalls in In Vitro Toxicology
• Future Utility
• Overview

5. Safety Pharmacology

• Introduction
• General Principles
• Tests to be Conducted
• What to Test?
• Design
• Test Systems for Safety Pharmacology
• Safety Pharmacology in Toxicity Studies
• Tests and Their Conduct
• Pitfalls of Safety Pharmacology Studies
• Overview

6. Determination: General and Reproductive Toxicology

• General Toxicology
• Test Systems for General Toxicology
• Study Designs in General Toxicology
• Examinations for Specific Toxicities
• Pitfalls in General Toxicology
• Reproductive Toxicology
• Study Designs for Reproductive Toxicology
• Pitfalls in Reproductive Toxicology

7. Determination: Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity

• Genotoxicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Pitfalls in Carcinogenicity Studies

8. Determination: Dermal Toxicity - Sensitization, Irritation, and Corrosion

• Introduction
• General Principles of Dermal Toxicology
• Factors in Dermal Toxicity
• Test Systems
• Study Design and Parameters Measured
• Sensitization
• Pitfalls in Irritation and Sensitization

9. Determination: Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

• Introduction
• Relevance of Environmental Assessment to Chemical Development
• General Principles of Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
• Pollution, Routes of Entry, and Environmental ADME
• Factors in Testing for Environmental Effect
• Test Systems and Study Types for Ecotoxicology
• Environmental Assessment of Agrochemicals
• Environmental Assessment of Pharmaceuticals
• Pitfalls in Environmental Toxicology

10. Interpretation: Basic Principles

• Introduction
• Steps in Interpretation
• Use of Background Data in Interpretation
• Statistics and Significance in Toxicology
• Assessing Exposure
• The Reality of Difference - The Interpretation of Small Differences
• The Reproducibility of Difference
• Overview of Interpretation

11. Interpretation: Different Data Types

• Individual Data Sets
• Safety Pharmacology
• General Toxicology
• Morphological Pathology
• Reproductive Toxicology
• Genotoxicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
• Case Studies
• The Fundamentals of Interpretation

12. Prediction of Hazard

• Introduction
• Principles of Prediction
• Steps in the Prediction Process
• Factors for Consideration in Prediction
• Prediction from Minimal Databases
• Computer Models for Toxicity Prediction
• Prediction for Individuals
• Prediction Summary

13. Background to Risk Due to Toxicity

• Introduction
• Overview of Risk Analysis
• Levels of Risk and Factors That Affect Risk
• Summary

14. Risk Assessment in Practice and Setting Exposure Limits

• Introduction
• Risk Assessment as a Process
• Data Quality
• Data Selection for Risk Assessment
• Single Effect Versus General Risk Assessment
• Tools and Models in Risk Assessment
• Target Population, Dose, and Exposure
• Process and Factors in Risk Assessment
• Setting Safety Factors and Margins
• Exposure Limits
• Dose Level Selection for Starting Risk Assessment
• Setting Exposure Limits
• Summary

15. Risk Assessment and Management in theWorkplace

• Introduction
• The Historical and Regulatory Background
• Classification and Exposure Limits
• Factors in Workplace Risk Assessment
• Workplace Risk Assessment
• Workplace Exposure Assessment
• Risk Management in the Workplace
• Overview

16. Risk Assessment: Carcinogenicity, The Environment, Evolution, and Overview of Risk Assessment

• Introduction
• Notes on Risk Assessment and Carcinogenicity
• Notes on Risk Assessment and The Environment
• International Management of Environmental Risks
• The Evolution of Risk Assessment
• Overview of Risk Assessment

17. Evaluation of Specific Classes of Chemical

• Regulatory Influences
• The Basic Toxicity Test Package
• Human Pharmaceuticals
• Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
• Medical Devices
• Agrochemicals/Plant Protection Products
• Biocides
• Cosmetics
• General and Industrial Chemicals—Reach
• Overview

18. The Future of Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment

• Introduction
• Challenges for Toxicology
• Challenge for Risk Assessment and Management
• Influences on Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment
• Utility of Animal Experiments in Risk Assessment
• Development of New Test Methods and Models
• In Vitro Toxicology and the Future
• Toxicology in Silico
• The Future of Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment

Appendix: Useful Websites

Bibliography

Select Glossary

Index

About the Author

ADAM WOOLLEY is Director and Consultant Toxicologist, ForthTox Limited, Linlithgow, UK. He received his M.Sc. in Biochemistry from London University, London, UK. Mr. Woolley is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK, where he is an examiner in toxicology and is also a board member and Diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology. He is an Honorary Consultant at the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Manchester University, Manchester and is a member of the British Toxicology Society and US Society of Toxicology. With over thirty five years of experience, including eighteen years in contract research and nine years in the pharmaceutical industry, Mr. Woolley is an expert in pharmaceutical development, including proteins and gene therapy agents, agrochemicals, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. He has conducted numerous toxicity studies, reviewed reports, and data packages, and is the author of the First Edition of Informa Healthcare’s A Guide to Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction, and Risk.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 472 pages
• Publisher: CRC; 2 edition (July 26, 2008)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1420043145
• ISBN-13: 978-1420043143
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.2 x 1.1 inches

List Price: $69.95 

 

Ashley: The Renal Drug Handbook 3rd Edition

Welcome to the third edition of The Renal Drug Handbook. The information contained in this book has been compiled from a wide range of sources and from the clinical experience of the editorial board of the UK Renal Pharmacy Group, all of whom are involved in the pharmaceutical care of renally-impaired patients. As such, some of the information contained in the monographs may not be in accordance with the licensed indications or use of the drug.

This third edition of The Renal Drug Handbook is a fantastic publication. Nephrology is a complex speciality and, increasingly, specialist nurses and paramedics are involved in the care of patients. Each of us needs to be wary of prescribing for renal patients and this handbook provides a highly practical, user-friendly method of ensuring that appropriate prescriptions are given to patients, whether they have normal renal function, renal impairment, transplants or are receiving renal replacement therapy. In addition, the authors give very helpful information on pharmacokinetics and common indications for the use of each drug described. This information is not available in any other single textbook. It is an invaluable resource for all healthcare professionals but particularly for those involved in the care of renal patients. A copy of the second edition can be found chained to note trolleys in all of the wards where renal patients are cared for in my hospital. This third edition is even more comprehensive.

Key Features 

• Provide healthcare professionals with a single reference of easily retrievable, practical information relating to drug use, sourced from the practical experience of renal units throughout the UK. By referring to the monographs, the user is guided in how to prescribe, prepare and administer the drug with due regard to potentially serious drug interactions and to any renal replacement therapy the patient may be undergoing.
• Provide a practice-based review of drug utilisation in renal units across the UK indicating, where appropriate, any local methods of use, licensed or otherwise.
• The Handbook is not intended to offer definitive advice or guidance on how drugs should be used in patients with renal impairment, nor is it a comprehensive and complete list of all drugs licensed in the UK.

About the Monographs

• Drug name
• Clinical use
• Dose in normal renal function
• Pharmacokinetics
• Dose in renal impairment
• Dose in renal replacement therapy
• Important drug interactions
• Administration
• Other information

About the editors

• Caroline Ashley MSc, BPharm, MRPharmS, Lead Pharmacist, Renal Services, Royal Free Hospital, London.
• Aileen Currie BSc, MRPharmS, Senior Pharmacist, Renal Services, Crosshouse Hospital, Kilmarnock. 

 

Product Details

• Paperback: 794 pages
• Publisher: Radcliffe Medical Press; 3 edition (November 2009)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1846192986
• ISBN-13: 978-1846192982
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.1 x 2.2 inches

List Price: $135.00 

 

Rinzler: Controlling Cholesterol For Dummies 2nd Edition

Controlling Cholesterol For Dummies, 2nd Edition, doesn’t ask you to turn yourself into an anti-cholesterol fanatic — the kind of annoying person who sneers at other people’s dinner choices while acting superior about his own. (Actually, sneering and acting superior at the same time is a neat trick if you can do it. Just don’t try it on your friends at dinner.)

The goal with this book is to lay out the reasons why it makes sense to control your cholesterol and then present reasonable and moderate strategies to help you reach your goal.

Some of the information, like how to translate the cholesterol numbers you get on your annual physical, is simple. Other stuff, such as guidelines you can use to determine whether you’re a candidate for a heart attack — or for cholesterol-lowering medication — is more complex.

Throughout this book, the emphasis is on the idea that (here comes another catchy slogan) “Knowledge is power.” In this case, it’s the power to lower your cholesterol and reduce your risk of heart attack.

Contents at a Glance

• Introduction

Part I: Getting Up Close and Personal with Cholesterol

• Chapter 1: Mapping the Heart Land
• Chapter 2: Comparing Cholesterol’s Risks and Benefits
• Chapter 3: Rating Your Cholesterol-Related Risk

Part II: Eating Your Way to Lower Cholesterol

• Chapter 4: Writing Rules for a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet
• Chapter 5: Building a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet
• Chapter 6: Pinning Down the “How-To’s” For a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet

Part III: Leading a Cholesterol-Lowering Lifestyle

• Chapter 7: Weighing Weight’s Weight on Cholesterol
• Chapter 8: Exercising Options to Control Your Cholesterol
• Chapter 9: Weeding Out Tobacco’s Role in High Cholesterol
• Chapter 10: The Grape, the Grains, and Your Cholesterol

Part IV: Cutting Cholesterol with Nutrients and Medicine

• Chapter 11: Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Good Stuff
• Chapter 12: Prescribing Lower Cholesterol
• Chapter 13: Identifying Meds That Raise Cholesterol
• Chapter 14: Mouth-Watering Morsels for Special Occasions

Part V: The Part of Tens

• Chapter 15: Ten Clicks to Reliable Cholesterol Information
• Chapter 16: Ten Nutrition Web Sites
• Chapter 17: Ten Cholesterol  Myths
• Chapter 18: Ten (Okay, Eleven) “Eureka!” Cholesterol Moments

Appendix: Calories and Other Nutrients in Food

Index

About the Author

• Carol Ann Rinzler is the author of Nutrition For Dummies, now in its 4th edition, as well as Heartburn and Reflux For Dummies, and more than 20 other books on food and health. A former nutrition columnist for the New York Daily News, Carol lives in New York with her husband Perry Luntz, author of Whiskey and Spirits For Dummies, and their amiable cat, Katy.

Product Details

• Paperback: 360 pages 
• Publisher: For Dummies; 2 edition (April 28, 2008) 
• Language: English 
• ISBN-10: 0470227591 
• ISBN-13: 978-0470227596 
• Product Dimensions: 7.3 x 0.8 x 9 inches 

List Price: $21.99 

 

Adverse Drug Interactions: A Handbook for Prescribers

Thirteen years ago, the journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 1996) reported that 108, 000 Americans died in hospital from adverse drug reactions and 2.2 million Americans had reactions to FDA approved medications. In the UK an estimated 1.6 million bed days are due to in-patient adverse drug reactions and up to 6.5% of new patient admissions may be related to an adverse drug reaction. Recent estimates suggest that adverse drug reactions cost the NHS in England in excess of £637 million annually.

In 2009, in the UK, drugs are increasingly available over the counter and online without prescription. Furthermore, there is widespread use of numerous herbal medicines from relatively under-regulated suppliers and the constituents of such products are often not known. This clinical reality of the widespread use of potent medicines – be they allopathic or traditional – showed us the need for a practical hands-on guide that aims to be a compact, succinct and accessible source of information for practitioners, prescribers and the public about adverse drug interactions.

We are aware that there are numerous sources of information available to prescribers, pharmacists and users about adverse drug interactions and that new drug interactions are reported on a regular basis. This makes it difficult for the busy

practicing health-care professional to keep up with the related literature. We have aimed to produce a user-friendly resource that not only describes the potential interactions themselves, but also gives practical advice about what clinical features to look out for, what to do to try to minimize their occurrence, and what to do if they occur. We aim to produce a source of information that can be used within the time frame of a consultation, to provide some guidance to prescribers, dispensers and users to minimize the risk of a drug interaction occurring.

Thus, this book intends to provide a source of easily accessible and concise information and guidance to busy prescribers, dispensers and users to minimize this avoidable or preventable hazard.

- The Authors -

Contents

• About the authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Index of drug names
• Introduction
• Clinical features of some adverse drug interactions
• Part 1 Cardiovascular drugs
• Part 2 Drugs acting on the nervous system
• Part 3 Anticancer and immunomodulating drugs
• Part 4 Anticoagulants
• Part 5 Antidiabetic drugs
• Part 6 Other endocrine drugs
• Part 7 Analgesics
• Part 8 Musculoskeletal drugs
• Part 9 Anaesthetic drugs
• Part 10 Drugs to treat infections
• Part 11 Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
• Part 12 Respiratory drugs
• Part 13 Metabolic drugs
• Part 14 Drugs used in obstetrics and gynaecology
• Part 15 Urological drugs
• Part 16 Drugs of abuse
• Part 17 Miscellaneous
• Part 18 Over-the-counter drugs

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

• Lakshman Karalliedde is currently Visiting Senior Lecturer at the Division of Public Health Sciences, King’s College London School of Medicine, King’s College, London, UK; and Senior Collaborator at the South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. He is also Consultant Medical Toxicologist, Chemical Hazards & Poisons Division (London), Health Protection Agency, UK. Dr Karalliedde was formerly Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Anaesthetist at the United Medical & Dental Schools of Guy’s & St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK; and Medical Toxicologist at Guy’s Poisons Unit and National Poisons Information Service, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• Simon F. J. Clarke is Consultant Emergency Medicine Physician, Frimley Park NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Honorary Consultant Medical Toxicologist, Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division (London), Health Protection Agency, UK.
• Ursula Collignon is Senior Pharmacist at Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• Janaka Karalliedde is Clinical Lecturer in Diabetes and Endocrinology in the Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London School of Medicine, King’s College London, UK. 

 

Product Details 

 

• Paperback: 352 pages
• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition (April 12, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0340927690
• ISBN-13: 978-0340927694
• Product Dimensions: 7.8 x 5.1 x 1.3 inches

List Price: $45.00 

 

Nicholson: Pocket Prescriber 3rd Edition 2010

Contemporary medical practice necessitates a broad knowledge of drug treatments, which are constantly being updated and modified.

This book is small but packed with essential and easily accessible information. Of all the subjects that are in the medical curriculum, pharmacology can sometimes seem especially abstract and theoretical. A quick flick through the pages of this book that are relevant to one’s own speciality is an immediate reminder of the importance of understanding the ways in which the drugs that we routinely prescribe are handled. The clear identification of hazardous side-effects and potential interactions is especially welcome. Finally, the section providing current information and management guidelines for commonly encountered medical emergencies is both clear and comprehensive.

Safe use of the modern therapeutic armamentarium is a daunting task for junior doctors and medical students. Although there has been a large growth in electronic resources and some excellent online textbooks have been produced, there remains a critical need for small reference texts that can be carried at all times and used to check drug doses or potential interactions at the point of prescription. The simple precaution of checking facts in any unfamiliar prescribing situation is likely to prevent mistakes, and exemplifies current emphasis on safe-practice and clinical risk management.

Even the most senior specialist could learn something from this book’s pages and that a comprehensive up-to-date volume such as this is an essential part of any junior doctor’s tool kit, and will prove useful far beyond its target audience.

Contents

• How to use this book
• List of abbreviations
• How to prescribe safely
• Common/useful drugs

Part 1 Drug selection

• Antibiotics
• Hypertension management
• Asthma
• Analgesia
• Palliative care and subcutaneous pumps
• Antiemetics
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Antidepresssants

Part 2 How to prescribe

• Insulin
• Anticoagulants
• Thrombolysis
• Controlled drugs

Part 3 Miscellaneous

• Intravenous fluids
• Steroids
• Sedation/sleeping tablets
• Benzodiazepines
• Side effect profiles
• Cytochrome P450

Part 4 Medical emergencies

• Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
• Acute LVF
• Accelerated hypertension
• Atrial fibrillation
• Acute asthma
• COPD exacerbation
• Pulmonary embolism
• Acute upper GI haemorrhage
• Sepsis (severe or septic shock)
• Epilepsy
• DKA
• HONK
• Glucose decrease
• Thyrotoxic crisis
• Myxoedema coma
• Addisonian crisis
• Electrolyte disturbances
• Overdoses

Part 5 Reference information

• Coma: GCS
• Cognitive impairment
• Useful formulae
• Common laboratory reference values

Index

About the Authors

• Timothy R.J. Nicholson, MBBS, BSc, MSc, MRCP, MRCPsych, Honorary Specialist Registrar at the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Research Fellow, Department of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
• Ashan Gunarathne, MBBS, MRCP, Specialist Registrar in Cardiovascular Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire and Birmingham NHS Trusts and Honorary Lecturer in Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham and Warwick, UK.
• Donald R.J. Singer, BMedBiol, MD, FRCP, Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK. 

 

 

Product Details

• Paperback: 264 pages
• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 3rd edition (January 25, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0340985224
• ISBN-13: 978-0340985229
• Product Dimensions: 5.6 x 4.1 x 0.6 inches

List Price: $24.95 

 

Hertzman: Clinical Trials in Psychopharmacology: A Better Brain 2nd Edition

Clinical trials have become the major vehicle by which medical treatments now gain official approval for widespread application. They are the focus of much of the major work by pharmaceutical companies, and certainly their greatest expenditures. Regulatory bodies such as the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rely heavily, sometimes almost exclusively, on the results of clinical trials to confer their blessing for purposes of marketing pharmaceuticals.

Psychopharmacology is, in certain respects, a microcosm of developments in clinical trials; more so over the past decade. During that time the extent of trials has expanded greatly. A number of trends have become discernible, largely reflective of the general direction of pharmaceuticals in medicine.

This volume attempts to update and reflect developments in psychopharmacology trials. The authors have selected a series of international experts to assist by preparing reviews of their own areas of expertise. A number of themes emerge from the chapters comprising this collection.

Although clinical trials were virtually unheard of in psychiatry for many years, they are now the gold standard for judging whether drugs are safe and useful. But should they be? What is the true status of clinical trials? Even when they ostensibly demonstrate a benefit of a certain treatment, the strict patient selection criteria, poor compliance and high drop-out rate leave the conclusions open to question. Are the new treatments really better or more cost-effective than the old? Do they have fewer side effects?

In this book the authors take a critical look at recent developments and present a series of trenchant and challenging observations. Section I examines the significant changes in law and the regulatory environment that have occurred during the past ten years. Has fossilization handicapped the US Food and Drug Administration in promoting treatment advances? How can the plethora of findings be regulated? This is particularly pertinent in genomic studies and there are two chapters addressing the impact of genomics on psychiatric research. This section also addresses the role of women in drug trials – a group long excluded but now demanding a part, for without testing how can optimal treatments be devised?

The next two Sections highlight clinical trials in the major areas of psychiatric pharmacological treatment, including Mood Disorders, especially Bipolar, Anxiety Disorders, and addictions. Chapters on pharmacological treatments for Eating Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder, Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome, and Impulse Control Disorder represent the latest thinking on these subjects.

The final Section contains a consummate example of out-of-the [Western]- box thinking, namely consideration of herbal medicines – used by a large number of patients, with or without medical supervision. We conclude with a close look at the problem of side effects, then selected thoughts about methodology.

Clearly written, the text provides immediate access to new developments across the spectrum of drug testing. Clinical Trials in Psychopharmacology: A Better Brain is provocative reading for psychiatrists, pharmacologists and all those interested in improved drug treatments for patients with mental illness.

Key Features

• Raises questions about the conduct of trials and the credibility of their outcomes that are relevant not just in psychiatry but all areas of medicine.
• Discusses the ethical problems in assessing outcomes in humans, including children.

Contents 

SECTION I: The Health Care Environment and Medications.

1. FDA Reform Déjà vu Encore (John J. Cohrssen).

• 1.1 Introduction.
• 1.2 The 1992 prescription drug user fee act adds funds and changes FDA’s focus.
• 1.3 PDUFA shortens drug review times and eliminates the drug lag.
• 1.4 PDUFA timetables feed safety concerns.
• 1.5 FDA responds to safety concerns.
• 1.6 The pipeline problem.
• 1.7 The 2007 FDA Science Board’s Subcommittee on Science and Technology report.
• 1.8 The FDAAA of 2007 reauthorize PDUFA and provide new authority to address safety and the critical path initiative.
• 1.9 The impact of PDFUA on FDA.
• 1.10 Comparative medical benefits, comparative effectiveness and FDA.
• 1.11 FDA and non-inferiority trials.
• 1.12 FDA and CMS decisions on medicare coverage.
• 1.13 Preemption: FDA’s role in relation to liability litigation in state courts.
• 1.14 FDA’s exclusivity in allowing access to experimental drugs.
• 1.15 Conclusions.

2. Do Antidepressants Cause Suicide (Marc Hertzman).

• 2.1 Some definitional problems.
• 2.2 A brief history of the concerns of suicidality caused by antidepressants.
• 2.3 Politics rears its ugly head.
• 2.4 The FDA responds to fear of its own shadow.
• 2.5 What changes in public policy wrought.
• 2.6 A funny thing happened on the way to the forum.
• 2.7 Meanwhile back at the ranch.
• 2.8 Moral (maybe).

3. The Genome, Genes and Brain - Tailored Drugs (Lawrence Adler).

• 3.1 Introduction.
• 3.2 Issues in new drug development.
• 3.3 Early development of psychiatric pharmaceutical entities.
• 3.4 Advances in research technology.
• 3.5 Review of genetics.
• 3.6 Activation of genes by signal transduction cascades.
• 3.7 The human genome.
• 3.8 The sequencing of the genome.
• 3.9 DNA variation.
• 3.10 Genes and illness.
• 3.11 Genomic findings, potential targets and new drug development.
• 3.12 Conclusion .

4. Patenting and Licensing Concerns in Psychiatric Genetics (Jorge A. Goldstein and Karen R. Markowicz).

• 4.1 Genetic diagnoses in psychiatry.
• 4.2 The evolving patent landscape in psychiatry.
• 4.3 Approaches to solving potential problems.
• 4.4 Conclusions.

5. Women’s Issues in Clinical Trials (Mary Seeman).

• 5.1 History.
• 5.2 Perceived advantages of excluding women.
• 5.3 Change in perspective.
• 5.4 Have things changed?.
• 5.5 Progress since 1993.
• 5.6 Reported current difficulties in including women.
• 5.7 Contraception in clinical trials.
• 5.8 Drugs in lactating women.
• 5.9 How often do women take drugs during pregnancy?.
• 5.10 Ethical issues: risk/benefit analysis.
• 5.11 Adequate information.
• 5.12 Adolescent women.
• 5.13 Recruitment and retention of women. 

 

SECTION II Clinical Trials and Mood Disorders.

6. Issues and Clues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Mood Disorders (F. Jollant, A Ionita and P Courtet).

• 6.1 What do we know about mood disorders that may be relevant for their pharmacological treatment?.
• 6.2 Are there clues for the pharmacological treatment of mood disorders?.
• 6.3 Perspectives.

7. Bipolar Disorder (A. Bochetta).

• 7.1 Trials in acute mania.
• 7.2 Trials in acute bipolar depression.
• 7.3 Trials in maintenance of bipolar disorder.
• 7.4 What is a mood stabilizer?.
• 7.5 What controlled trials cannot tell us about treatment of bipolar disorder.

8. Special Issues of Research Methodology in Bipolar Disorder Clinical Treatment Trials (R. M. Post).

• 8.1 Introduction.
• 8.2 Efficacy–effectiveness gap.
• 8.3 Trials for drug registration versus those that are most clinically informative.
• 8.4 Needed for designs that more optimally inform clinical practice.
• 8.5 ‘Hidden’ high degrees of treatment resistance.
• 8.6 Controversy about optimal designs and rating instruments.
• 8.7 The traditional RCT is expensive, cumbersome and prone to failure.
• 8.8 Alternative designs for pilot and proof of principle efficacy studies.
• 8.9 Statistical analysis of N-of-1 trials.
• 8.10 Statistical approaches to estimating necessary trial durations in individual patients.
• 8.11 Crossover trials for enhancing clinical informatics and statistical power.
• 8.12 Carryover effects.
• 8.13 Long-term trend for understudy of bipolar disorder compared to other major mental disorders.
• 8.14 Parallel and pressing design issues for childhood-onset bipolar illness.
• 8.15 Contradictory balance between inclusiveness (for generalizability) and homogeneity (for efficacy).
• 8.16 Assessing moderators and mediators.
• 8.17 Conclusions and implications.

9. The Utility of Low-dose Antidepressants (Monica L. Zilberman, Clarice Gorenstein and Valentim Gentil).

• 9.1 Introduction.
• 9.2 Low dose antidepressants for chief indications.
• 9.3 Antidepressant use for other indications.
• 9.4 Emotion regulation in healthy individuals.
• 9.5 Conclusion. 

SECTION III Clinical Trials in Anxiety and Other Disorders.

10. Clinical Trials for Anxiety Disorders (Marco Mula and Gionata Strigaro).

• 10.1 Introduction.
• 10.2 Methodological issues in treatment research for anxiety disorders.
• 10.3 Panic disorder with/without agoraphobia.
• 10.4 Generalized anxiety disorder.
• 10.5 Social anxiety disorder.
• 10.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder.
• 10.7 Conclusions.

11. Pharmacological Trials for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (Lisa J. Merlo, Julia Arana and Amanda M. Stone).

• 11.1 Psychopharmacological trials for the treatment of substance use disorder.
• 11.2 Definitions of substance use disorders.
• 11.3 Introduction to psychopharmacotherapy for SUD.
• 11.4 Considerations in pharmacotherapy trials for SUDs.
• 11.5 Conclusions and future directions.

12. Clinical Psychopharmacology of Patients with Eating Disorders (James E Mitchell, Kristine Steffen, Scott Engel, Ross Crosby and James Roerig).

• 12.1 Introduction.
• 12.2 Diagnostic issues.
• 12.3 Methodological/statistical issues.
• 12.4 Pharmacotherapy trials.
• 12.5 Pharmacotherapy/psychotherapy combined trials.
• 12.6 Summary.

13. ADHD Clinical Trials (Anne Childress).

• 13.1 Introduction.
• 13.2 Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse).
• 13.3 Methylphenidate transdermal system (Daytrana).
• 13.4 Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin).
• 13.5 Dexmethylphenidate extended release (Focalin XR).
• 13.6 Atomoxetine (Strattera).
• 13.7 Extended release methylphenidate (Ritalin LA).
• 13.8 Modified release methylphenidate (Metadate CD).
• 13.9 Mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR).
• 13.10 OROS methylphenidate (Concerta).
• 13.11 Guanfacine extended release.
• 13.12 SPD465.
• 13.13 Modafinil.
• 13.14 Bupropion XL.
• 13.15 Discussion.

14. Autism and Asperger’s Spectrum Disorders (Marc Hertzman).

• 14.1 Introduction.
• 14.2 Individual entities versus a spectrum disorder.
• 14.3 Recent psychopharmacological approaches to autism and Asperger’s spectrum disorders.
• 14.4 Recapitulation.

15. Pharmacological Treatments of Impulse Control Disorders (Helga Myrseth and Ståle Pallesen).

• 15.1 Impulse control disorders.
• 15.2 Pathological gambling.
• 15.3 Trichotillomania.
• 15.4 Kleptomania.
• 15.5 Pyromania.
• 15.6 Intermittent explosive disorder.
• 15.7 Conclusions. 

SECTION IV Special Issues in Psychopharmacology.

16. Potential Benefits of Herbal Medicine for Schizophrenia: from Empirical Observations to Clinical Trials (Zhang-Jin Zhang, Qing-Rong Tan, Xue-Chu Zhen and Yao Tong).

• 16.1 Potential benefits of herbal medicine used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
• 16.2 Possible psychopharmacological mechanisms of herbal actions.
• 16.3 Search strategies for herbal agents having antischizophrenic potentials.
• 16.4 Specific issues in the conduct of herbal medicine trials in schizophrenia.
• 16.5 Conclusions.

17. Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics (Pierre Landry, Anne-Marie Rousseau, and Leila Skalli).

• 17.1 Introduction.
• 17.2 Pharmacology of adverse events.
• 17.3 Discontinuation symptoms.
• 17.4 Conclusion.

18. Meta Musings on Methodology (Marc Hertzman).

• 18.1 Criticisms of assumptions about clinical trials methodology.
• 18.2 Thoughts on alternative study designs.
• 18.3 Conclusion: standardization can be stultifying.

Index.

About the Author

• Dr. Marc Hertzman, a psychopharmacologist, previously Professor of Psychiatry at George Washington University, is now in private practice. Before that he was a Division Director for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and served as their representative to the US government task force which originated US policy on clinical trials. His publications, in addition to the first edition of this book, include work on Mood Disorders, Anxiety, and Autism Spectrum Disorders. He has also been a Principal Investigator on clinical trials for more than thirty years.
• Dr Lawrence Adler is the Owner/Director of Clinical Insights and Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland. He is Board-certified in Psychiatry and Geriatric Psychiatry, and is a Certified Physician Investigator. From 1983 – 1998 he conducted research into the genetics and epidemiology of schizophrenia. He has been involved in clinical trials since 1993.

 

Product Details

• Hardcover: 406 pages
• Publisher: Wiley; 2 edition (March 23, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0470740760
• ISBN-13: 978-0470740767
• Product Dimensions: 7 x 1.1 x 9.9 inches

List Price: $99.95 

 

Antibiotic Resistance Protocols 2nd Edition (Methods in Molecular Biology Vol. 642)

Several years have passed since the first edition of our book, and much has changed in the world of microbiology. The trend of increasing antibiotic resistance has continued with, for example, the emergence of extensively resistant M. tuberculosis. Our understanding of antibiotic resistance biology has increased. Genomic methods have become more accessible allowing antibiotic researchers to probe not only the sequence of antibiotic resistance determinants but also the mechanism whereby they are expressed and regulated. Array methodology has allowed a large number of genes to be studied simultaneously, while real time PCR has allowed detailed dissection of gene expression. We have also begun to understand the importance of biofilms and the physiological state of the organism in permitting organisms to survive in the face of antibiotics and the act of developing resistance.

The molecular revolution has provided the tools that allow us to detect and characterise resistance determinants, and these may be sequence based, nucleic acid amplification methods, or detection of the activity of efflux pumps. The ability of a resistant organism to survive and thrive in the clinical environment is fundamental to the evolution of resistance, and considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the role of fitness in the selection of resistant organisms. This understanding has been aided by an increasing range of physiological characteristics that are tested, and automated methods of testing have improved the reproducibility and robustness of these assays. The need to develop new antibiotic agents means that we have to develop new high throughput methods of evaluating susceptibility. The interaction between bacterial and human populations is an important area of investigation, and we need better techniques to characterise the population genetics of the organisms and better sampling tools to ensure that this data is representative.

The editors have sought to bring together examples of a diverse range of modern techniques applied in antibiotic research, and they hope that you find these useful in planning your own research.

- The Editors -

Contents

Part I Epidemiology and Population Genetics

• 1 The RM Test for Determining Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Lineages
• 2 Unravelling the Ecology of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in the Nasopharynx

Part II Genomics and Gene Expression

• 3 Methods to Determine Antibiotic Resistance Gene Silencing
• 4 Studying Gene Induction of Glycopeptide Resistance Using Gene Swapping
• 5 Real-Time PCR Methods to Study Expression of Genes Related to Hypermutability
• 6 Use of DNA Arrays to Study Transcriptional Responses to Antimycobacterial Compounds

Part III Fitness Mutation and Physiology

• 7 Assays of Sensitivity of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Hydrogen Peroxide and Measurement of Catalase Activity
• 8 Measurements of Heme Levels and Respiration Rate in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
• 9 Methods to Determine Fitness in Bacteria
• 10 Application of Continuous Culture for Measuring the Effect of Environmental Stress on Mutation Frequency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Part IV Detection of Resistance

• 11 Identification of Efflux-Mediated Multi-drug Resistance in Bacterial Clinical Isolates by Two Simple Methods
• 12 Evaluation of Efflux Activity of Bacteria by a Semi-automated Fluorometric System
• 13 Measuring the Activity of Active Efflux in Gram-Negative Bacteria
• 14 Rapid Characterization of b-Lactamases by Multiplex PCR
• 15 Rapid Methods for Testing Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Growth
• 16 Use of Biofilm Model Systems to Study Antimicrobial Susceptibility
• 17 Rapid Analysis of Resistant Mutant Genotypes Using Pyrosequencing®

Index

About the Editors

• Stephen H. Gillespie, MD, UCL Medical School, London, UK. Email: sgillesp@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
• Timothy D. McHugh, Ph.D, UCL Medical School, London, UK. Email: t.mchugh@medsch.ucl.ac.uk

Product Details

• Hardcover: 248 pages
• Publisher: Humana Press; 2nd ed. edition (April 16, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 160327278X
• ISBN-13: 978-1603272780
• Product Dimensions: 9.9 x 7.1 x 0.8 inches

List Price: $119.00 

 

Hodgson: A Textbook of Modern Toxicology 4th Edition

There are some excellent general reference works in toxicology, including Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 6th edition, edited by Curt Klaassen, and the 13 - volume Comprehensive Toxicology, the second edition currently being edited by Charlene McQueen, as well as many specialized monographs on particular topics. However, the scarcity of textbooks designed for teacher and student to use in the classroom setting that impelled us to produce editions 1 through 3 of this work is still apparent and the choice continues to be limited. The authors are, or have been, involved in teaching general toxicology at North Carolina State University and thus have insights into the actual teaching process and in the broader scope of toxicology as well as the subject matter of their areas of specialization.

Rapid advances are occurring in toxicology, particularly in the molecular and integrative aspects, and we hope these are refl ected in this textbook. As an aid to students and teaching faculty, we have added sample questions to each chapter. Answering these questions not only indicates that the material presented has been understood but is, in itself, a learning experience.

At North Carolina State University, we continue to teach a course in general toxicology (TOX801) that is open to graduate students and undergraduate upperclassmen. Our experience leads us to believe that this textbook is suitable, in the junior or senior year, for undergraduate students with some background in chemistry, biochemistry, and animal physiology. For graduate students, it is intended to lay the foundation for subsequent specialized courses in toxicology, such as those in biochemical and molecular toxicology, environmental toxicology, chemical carcinogenesis, risk assessment, and so forth.

We share the view that an introductory text must present all of the necessary fundamental information to fulfill this purpose, but in as uncomplicated a manner as possible. To enhance readability, references have been omitted from the text, although Suggested Reading or Bibliography is recommended at the end of each chapter.

As with previous editions, the amount of material and the detail with which some of it is presented, is more than is needed for the average general toxicology course. This, however, will permit each instructor to select and emphasize those areas they feel need particular emphasis. The obvious biochemical and molecular bias of some chapters is not accidental; rather, it is based on the philosophy that progress in toxicology continues to depend on further understanding of the fundamental basis of toxic action at the cellular and molecular levels. The depth of coverage of each topic represents that chapter author's judgment of the amount of material appropriate to the beginning level as compared to that appropriate to a more advanced course or text such as Smart and Hodgson, Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, 4th edition (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).

- The Authors -

Key Features

• Adds chapters on new approaches to toxicology: molecular methods (-omics: toxicogenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), bioinformatics, and systems biology.
• Now featured in the Fourth Edition are end-of-chapter questions.
• Provides a very thorough, concise and up-to-date summary of the most important topics within the toxicology field.
• Presents the interdisciplinary nature of toxicological studies.
• Continues from prior editions with coverage of basic concepts in toxicology and adds chapters on molecular methods (-omics: toxicogenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), bioinformatics, and systems biology.
• Includes end-of-chapter questions.
• Online Solutions Manual available for academic adopters.
• Does not require an extensive background in anatomy and physiology.

Contents

PART I Introduction.

1 Introduction to Toxicology (Ernest Hodgson).

• 1.1 Definition and Scope.
• 1.2 Relationship to Other Sciences.
• 1.3 A Brief History of Toxicology.
• 1.4 Dose-Response Relationships.
• 1.5 Sources of Toxic Compounds.
• 1.6 Movement of Toxicants in the Environment.

2 Introduction to Biochemical and Molecular Methods in Toxicology (Ernest Hodgson, Gerald A. LeBlanc, Sharon A. Meyer and Robert C. Smart).

• 2.1 Introduction.
• 2.2 Cell Culture Techniques.
• 2.3 Molecular Techniques.
• 2.4 Immunochemical Techniques.
• 2.5 Proteomics.
• 2.6 Metabolomics.
• 2.7 Bioinformatics.
• 2.8 Summary and Conclusions.

PART II Classes of Toxicants.

3 Exposure Classes, Toxicants in Air, Water, Soil, Domestic and Occupational Settings (W. Gregory Cope).

• 3.1 Air Pollutants.
• 3.2 Water and Soil Pollutants.
• 3.3 Occupational Toxicants.

4 Classes of Toxicants: Use Classes (W. Gregory Cope and Ernest Hodgson).

• 4.1 Introduction.
• 4.2 Metals.
• 4.3 Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides).
• 4.4 Food Additives and Contaminants.
• 4.5 Toxins.
• 4.6 Solvents.
• 4.7 Therapeutic Drugs.
• 4.8 Drugs of Abuse.
• 4.9 Combustion Products.
• 4.10 Cosmetics.

PART III Toxicant Processing In Vivo.

5 Absorption and Distribution of Toxicants (Ronald E. Baynes and Ernest Hodgson).

• 5.1 Introduction.
• 5.2 Cell Membranes.
• 5.3 Mechanisms of Transport.
• 5.4 Physicochemical Properties Relevant to Diffusion.
• 5.5 Routes of Absorption.
• 5.6 Toxicant Distribution.
• 5.7 Toxicokinetics.

6 Metabolism of Toxicants (Ernest Hodgson and Randy L. Rose).

• 6.1 Introduction.
• 6.2 Phase I Reactions.
• 6.3 Phase II Reactions.

7 Reactive Metabolites (Ernest Hodgson and Randy L. Rose).

• 7.1 Introduction.
• 7.2 Activation Enzymes.
• 7.3 Nature and Stability of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.4 Fate of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.5 Factors Affecting Toxicity of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.6 Reactive Oxygen Species.
• 7.7 Examples of Activating Reactions.
• 7.8 Summary and Conclusions.

8 Chemical and Physiological Influences on Xenobiotic Metabolism (Andrew D. Wallace and Ernest Hodgson).

• 8.1 Introduction.
• 8.2 Nutritional Effects.
• 8.3 Physiological Effects.
• 8.4 Comparative and Genetic Effects.
• 8.5 Chemical Effects.
• 8.6 Environmental Effects.
• 8.7 Summary and Conclusions.

9 Elimination of Toxicants (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 9.1 Introduction.
• 9.2 Transport.
• 9.3 Renal Elimination.
• 9.4 Hepatic Elimination.
• 9.5 Respiratory Elimination.
• 9.6 Conclusion.

PART IV Toxic Action.

10 Acute Toxicity (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 10.1 Introduction.
• 10.2 Acute Exposure and Effect.
• 10.3 Dose-Response Relationships.
• 10.4 Non-Conventional Dose–Response Relationships.
• 10.5 Alternative Methods.
• 10.6 Mechanisms of Acute Toxicity.

11 Chemical Carcinogenesis (Robert C. Smart).

• 11.1 DNA Damage and Mutagenesis.
• 11.2 General Aspects of Cancer.
• 11.3 Human Cancer.
• 11.4 Classes of Agents That Are Associated with Carcinogenesis.
• 11.5 General Aspects of Chemical Carcinogenesis.
• 11.6 Oncogenes.
• 11.7 Tumor Suppressor Genes.

12 Teratogenesis (Jill A. Barnes and Ida M. Washington).

• 12.1 Introduction.
• 12.2 Overview of Embryonic Development.
• 12.3 Principles of Teratogenesis.
• 12.4 Mechanisms of Teratogenesis.
• 12.5 Future Considerations.

PART V Organ Toxicity.

13 Hepatotoxicity (Andrew D. Wallace and Sharon A. Meyer).

• 13.1 Introduction.
• 13.2 Susceptibility of the Liver.
• 13.3 Types of Liver Injury.
• 13.4 Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity.
• 13.5 Examples of Hepatotoxicants.
• 13.6 Metabolic Activation of Hepatotoxicants.

14 Nephrotoxicity (Joan B. Tarloff and Andrew D. Wallace).

• 14.1 Introduction.
• 14.2 Factors Contributing to Nephrotoxicity.
• 14.3 Examples of Nephrotoxicants.
• 14.4 Summary.

15 Toxicology of the Nervous System (Bonita L. Blake).

• 15.1 Introduction.
• 15.2 The Nervous System.
• 15.3 Toxicant Effects on the Nervous System.
• 15.4 Neurotoxicity Testing.
• 15.5 Summary.

16 Reproductive System (Heather Patisaul).

• 16.1 Introduction.
• 16.2 The-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.
• 16.3 Male Reproductive Physiology.
• 16.4 Disruption of Male Reproduction by Toxicants.
• 16.5 Female Reproductive Physiology.
• 16.6 Disruption of Female Reproduction by Toxicants.
• 16.7 Summary.

17 Endocrine Toxicology (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 17.1 Introduction.
• 17.2 Endocrine System.
• 17.3 Endocrine Disruption.
• 17.4 Incidents of Endocrine Toxicity.
• 17.5 Conclusion.

18 Respiratory Toxicity (James C. Bonner).

• 18.1 Introduction.
• 18.2 Anatomy and Function of the Respiratory Tract.
• 18.3 Toxicant-Induced Lung Injury, Remodeling and Repair.
• 18.4 Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases.

19 Immune System (MaryJane K. Selgrade).

• 19.1 Introduction.
• 19.2 The Immune System.
• 19.3 Immune Suppression.
• 19.4 Classification of Immune-Mediated Injury (Hypersensitivity).
• 19.5 Effects of Chemicals on Allergic Disease.
• 19.6 Other Issues: Autoimmunity, and the Developing Immune System.

PART VI Applied Toxicology.

20 Toxicity Testing (Ernest Hodgson and Helen Cunny).

• 20.1 Introduction.
• 20.2 Experimental Administration of Toxicants.
• 20.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.
• 20.4 Exposure and Environmental Fate.
• 20.5 In Vivo Tests.
• 20.6 In Vitro and Other Short-Term Tests.
• 20.7 Ecological Effects.
• 20.8 Risk Analysis.
• 20.9 The Future of Toxicity Testing.

21 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology (Sharon A. Meyer and Bonita L. Blake).

• 21.1 Introduction.
• 21.2 Forensic Toxicology.
• 21.3 Clinical Toxicology.
• 21.4 Analytical Methods in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology.

22 Prevention of Toxicity (Ernest Hodgson).

• 22.1 Introduction.
• 22.2 Legislation and Regulation.
• 22.3 Prevention in Different Environments.
• 22.4 Education.

23 Human Health Risk Assessment (Ronald E. Baynes).

• 23.1 Introduction.
• 23.2 Risk Assessment Methods.
• 23.3 Noncancer Risk Assessment.
• 23.4 Cancer Risk Assessment.
• 23.5 PBPK Modeling.

Part VII Environmental Toxicology.

24 Toxicant Analysis (Chris Hofelt).

• 24.1 Introduction.
• 24.2 Environmental Sample Collection Methods.
• 24.3 Analytical Techniques.
• 24.4 Quantification, QA and QC.
• 24.5 Summary.

25 Basics of Environmental Toxicology (Gerald A. LeBlanc and David B. Buchwalter).

• 25.1 Introduction.
• 25.2 Environmental Persistence.
• 25.3 Bioaccumulation.
• 25.4 Toxicity.
• 25.5 Conclusion.

26 Transport and Fate of Toxicants in the Environment (Damian Shea).

• 26.1 Introduction.
• 26.2 Sources of Toxicants to the Environment.
• 26.3 Transport Processes.
• 26.4 Equilibrium Partitioning.
• 26.5 Transformation Processes.
• 26.6 Environmental Fate Models.

27 Environmental Risk Assessment (Damian Shea).

• 27.1 Introduction.
• 27.2 Formulating the Problem.
• 27.3 Analyzing Exposure and Effects Information.
• 27.4 Characterizing Risk.
• 27.5 Managing Risk.

Part VIII New Approaches in Toxicology.

28 Perspectives on Informatics in Toxicology (Seth W. Kullman, Carolyn J. Mattingly, Joel N. Meyer and Andrew Whitehead).

• 28.1 Introduction.
• 28.2 Transcriptomics.
• 28.3 Annotation Resources.
• 28.4 Genome Sequencing, Resequencing and Genotyping.
• 28.5 Epigenomic Profiling.
• 28.6 Computational Toxicology.
• 28.7 Informatics Tools in Toxicology.

29 Future Considerations (Ernest Hodgson).

• 29.1 Introduction.
• 29.2 Risk Assessment.
• 29.3 Risk Management.
• 29.4 Risk Communication.
• 29.5 In Vivo Toxicity.
• 29.6 In Vitro Toxicity.
• 29.7 Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology.
• 29.8 Development of Selective Toxicants.
• 29.9 Summary and Conclusions.

Glossary.

Index.

About the Author

• ERNEST HODGSON, PhD, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Toxicology at North Carolina State University. In addition to the previous editions of A Textbook of Modern Toxicology, he coedited Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Fourth Edition (Wiley) and its prior editions. Dr. Hodgson is the Editor of the Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 672 pages
• Publisher: Wiley; 4 edition (June 21, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 047046206X
• ISBN-13: 978-0470462065
• Product Dimensions: 9.9 x 7.1 x 1.4 inches

List Price: $115.00 

 

Antibiotic Resistance: Understanding and Responding to an Emerging Crisis

Recent human activities have profoundly influenced our global environment, often in ways we did not anticipate. An example is our use of antibiotics. Initially hailed as “magic bullets,” these chemical agents are now used so often that success threatens their long-term utility. Unfortunately, the natural mutability of microbes enables pathogens to develop bullet-proof shields that make antibiotic treatments increasingly ineffective. Our failure to adequately address resistance problems may ultimately push the control of infectious disease back to the pre-penicillin era. Indeed, it is now impractical to simply invent additional antibiotics to replace those lost to resistance. However, ideas have emerged for slowing the development of antibiotic resistance in individual patients and in the human population as a whole. "Antibiotic Resistance" introduces these ideas.

"Antibiotic Resistance" was initially drafted to supplement studies of infectious disease. The problem of resistance tends to be neglected, which puts the well-being of our society at increasing peril. In the course of completing this book, we realized that everyone makes decisions about antibiotic use; therefore, everyone needs to understand how human activities contribute to resistance. Individual patients, medical providers, and agricultural specialists all have a role to play in providing a safer environment. We now aim to make the principles of antibiotic use and effectiveness available to a large audience: farmers, hospital administrators, government regulators, health department personnel, pharmaceutical executives, and especially individual users. (Individual patients pressure their doctors for treatments, and in most cases, patients decide whether to take medicines as prescribed; in countries where prescriptions are not required to purchase antibiotics, patients are major decision makers.) Such diversity in readership poses a challenge.

Fortunately, detailed descriptions of chemical structures, molecular mechanisms, and epidemiological modeling are not required to understand the principles of resistance. We focus on broad concepts supported by examples and descriptions of key experiments. We expect that "Antibiotic Resistance" will be a quick read for persons with knowledge of biology. Those readers can then build on the principles with follow-up reading. Lay readers may find that some terms need to be defined. For them, we have provided a glossary and appendixes covering background concepts.

Our goal with "Antibiotic Resistance" is to point out how human activities contribute to the problem of resistance. Our hope is that an understanding of the complex factors involved in resistance will lead to changes that lengthen antibiotic life spans. An example of the complexity is seen in the traditional practice of setting antibiotic doses only high enough to cure disease. We argue that this practice encourages the emergence of resistance, that more stringent antibiotic regimens are needed to preempt the emergence of resistance. But from an individual patient perspective, using higher doses seems excessive when milder treatment usually cures disease. Why should the individual patient risk toxic side effects to preserve antibiotics for the general population? Antibiotic waste disposal problems are also complex. In principle, environmental contamination with antibiotics exerts selective pressure on microbes. That pressure can lead to the evolution of resistance genes that then spread from one organism to another and eventually reach human pathogens. We do not know how often this scenario occurs, whether it is reversible, or how much we need to improve agricultural and hospital disposal programs to stop the process.

- The Authors -

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Resistance Problem

• MRSA Is Putting Resistance in the News
• Humans Live with Many Pathogens
• Antibiotics Block Growth and Kill Pathogens
• Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Also Perturb Our Microbiomes
• Antibiotic Resistance Protects Pathogens
• Antibiotic Resistance Is Widespread
• Antibiotic Resistance Is Divided into Three Types
• The Development of New Antibiotics Is Slowing
• Vaccines Block Disease
• Perspective

Chapter 2 Working with Pathogens

• Pathogens Are a Diverse Group of Life Forms
• Pathogen Numbers Are Measured by Microscopy and by Detecting Growth
• Molecular Probes Can Be Specific and Highly Sensitive
• Koch’s Postulates Help Establish That a Pathogen Causes Disease
• Modern Biology Has Refined Koch’s Postulates
• Pathogen Studies Focus on Populations

Chapter 3 A Survey of Antibiotics

• Antibiotics Are Selective Poisons
• Antibiotics Are Found in a Variety of Ways
• Antibacterial Agents Usually Attack Specific Targets
• Antibacterial Agents May Have a Generalized Effect
• Most Antifungal Agents Attack Membranes and Cell Walls
• Antiprotozoan Agents Tend to Be Disease-Specific Antihelminth Agents Are Used with a Wide Variety of Worms .
• Antiviral Agents Are Often Narrow Spectrum
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Influenza Virus
• Herpes Virus
• Antibiotic Classes Evolve
• Antiseptics and Disinfectants Decontaminate Surfaces

Chapter 4 Dosing to Cure

• Treatment Strategies Have Been Determined Empirically
• Susceptibility Testing Guides Antibiotic Choice
• Testing for Viruses Bypasses Pathogen Growth
• PK/PD Indices Help Determine Antibiotic Dosage
• Young Children Are Not Little Adults
• Toxic Side Effects Are Determined Empirically
• Duration of Treatment Is Determined Empirically
• Prophylaxis Preempts Disease
• Management Programs Control Hospital Antibiotic Policy
• Self-Medication Is Outside the Guidelines

Chapter 5 Emergence of Resistance

• Resistance Can Emerge in Individual Patients
• Spontaneous Mutations Are Nucleotide Sequence Changes
• Emergence of Spontaneous Resistance Often Arises Stepwise
• Mutant Selection Window Hypothesis Describes Emergence of Spontaneous Resistance
• Mutations Can Be Caused (Induced) by Antibiotic Treatment
• Resistance Arises from Several Molecular Mechanisms
• Treatment Time Can Contribute to Resistance
• Mutator Mutations Increase Mutation Frequency
• Phenotypic Resistance Occurs Without Mutations
• Resistance May Compromise Antiseptic and Disinfectant Use
• Viral Resistance Can Arise Readily
• Resistance Mutations Can Affect Pathogen Fitness
• Unintended Damage Can Arise from Treatment

Chapter 6 Movement of Resistance Genes Among Pathogens

• Horizontal Gene Transfer Involves Specific Molecular Events
• Recombination Involves Breaking and Rejoining of DNA Molecules
• Plasmids Are Molecular Parasites
• Some Plasmids Move by Conjugation
• Bacteriophages Move Bacterial Genes by Transduction
• Bacterial Transformation Involves Uptake of DNA from the Environment
• Transposition Moves Genes from One DNA to Another
• Gene Mobilization Moves Genes from the Chromosome to a Plasmid
• Integrons Gather Genes into an Expression Site
• Genomic Islands Help Create Pathogens
• Plasmid Enzymes Can Be Inhibited

Chapter 7 Transmission of Resistant Disease

• Spread of Pathogens Is Highly Evolved
• Infection Control as Local Crisis Management
• Tuberculosis Is Airborne
• Airborne Viruses
• Digestive-Tract Pathogens
• Direct-Contact Pathogens
• Arthropod-Borne Pathogens
• Blood-Borne Infections
• Multiple-Mode Transmission

Chapter 8 Surveillance

• Surveillance Is the First Line of Defense
• The Denominator Effect Lowers Surveillance Accuracy
• Surveillance Consortia Collect and Process Data
• Molecular Methods Provide Rapid Pathogen Identification
• Interpretation of Surveillance Studies
• Surveillance Indicates Resistance Problems with Gonorrhea
• Policy Changes Are Occurring in Agricultural Practice

Chapter 9 Making New Antibiotics

• New Antibiotics Are Temporary Solutions
• Model Systems Are Used to Speed Drug Discovery
• Natural Products Are a Source of Antibiotics
• High-Throughput Screening Accelerates Antibiotic Discovery
• Rational Drug Design Can Identify Antibiotics
• New Antibiotics Must Have Few Side Effects
• Antibiotic Discovery Faces a Fundamental Economic Problem

Chapter 10 Restricting Antibiotic Use and Optimizing Dosing

• Antibiotic Conservation: Use Less Often When Unnecessary and Higher Amounts When Needed
• Human Consumption of Antibiotics Correlates with Resistance
• Limiting Human Consumption of Antibiotics
• Agricultural Use Contributes to Antibiotic Consumption
• Antibiotic Contamination of the Environment Is a Byproduct of Usage
• Clinical Resistance and Resistant Mutants Are Not the Same
• Dosing to Eradicate Susceptible Cells May Not Halt Emergence of Resistance Keeping Concentrations Above MPC Restricts Mutant Amplification
• Combining MPC with PK/PD Targets
• Combination Therapy Restricts Emergence of Resistance
• Consideration of Resistance During Drug Discovery

Chapter 11 Influenza and Antibiotic Resistance

• Seasonal Influenza Virus Is Controlled by Vaccines
• Antiviral Resistance Has Emerged Among Seasonal Influenza Virus
• Pandemic Influenza Can Be a Killer
• Avian Flu H5N1 Is a Candidate for Deadly Pandemic Flu
• Antibiotics May Play an Important Role in Pandemic Influenza
• Antibiotic Resistance Occurs with Avian Flu H5N1
• Bacterial Pneumonia May Create Another Resistance Problem

Chapter 12 Avoiding Resistant Pathogens

• Consumer Perspective Differs from That of Public Health Official or Manufacturer
• Avoiding Airborne Infection Is Difficult
• Precautions Can Be Taken with MRSA
• Sexually Transmitted Infections Require Renewed Attention
• Arthropod-Borne Infections Are on the Move
• Contaminated Food Is Common
• Avoid Rounds of Treatment Interspersed with Pathogen Outgrowth
• Consume Only with Sound Indications, Choose Optimal Antibiotics
• Afterword A Course of Action
• Overuse
• Dosing
• Drug Discovery and Surveillance
• Resistance as a Side Effect

Appendix A Molecules of Life

• The Action of Molecules Defines Life
• Proteins Are Molecular Workers
• DNA Is the Repository of Genetic Information
• RNA Plays Several Roles in Life Processes
• Carbohydrates Store Energy, Form Cell Walls, and Make Rigid Structures
• Lipids Store Energy and Form Membranes
• Cellular Chemistry Is Organized into Metabolic Pathways

Appendix B Microbial Life Forms

• Bacteria Lack Nuclei and Other Organelles
• Fungi Are Eukaryotes Having Cell Walls But Not Chloropasts
• Parasitic Protozoa Are Eukaryotes Lacking a Cell Wall
• Helminths Are Parasitic Worms
• Viruses Are Inert Until They Infect
• Glossary
• Literature Cited
• Index

About the Authors

• Karl Drlica, Ph.D. is a Principal Investigator at the Public Health Research Institute and Professor of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics at the UMDNJ—New Jersey Medical School in Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Drlica’s laboratory focuses on fluoroquinolone action and resistance with Mycobacteriun tuberculosis and other bacteria, including approaches for slowing the enrichment and amplification of resistant bacterial subpopulations.
• David S. Perlin, Ph.D. is Executive Director of the Public Health Research Institute and UMDNJ Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, as well as Professor of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics at the New Jersey Medical School in Newark, New Jersey. He is also a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. Dr. Perlin’s laboratory explores mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance, rapid detection of drug-resistant bloodstream pathogens in high-risk patients, and the application of small animal models for the study of respiratory pathogens.

 

Product Details

• Hardcover: 288 pages
• Publisher: FT Press; 1 edition (2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0131387731
• ISBN-13: 978-0131387737
• Product Dimensions: 10 x 7.1 x 1 inches

List Price: $49.99