Ashley: The Renal Drug Handbook 3rd Edition

Welcome to the third edition of The Renal Drug Handbook. The information contained in this book has been compiled from a wide range of sources and from the clinical experience of the editorial board of the UK Renal Pharmacy Group, all of whom are involved in the pharmaceutical care of renally-impaired patients. As such, some of the information contained in the monographs may not be in accordance with the licensed indications or use of the drug.

This third edition of The Renal Drug Handbook is a fantastic publication. Nephrology is a complex speciality and, increasingly, specialist nurses and paramedics are involved in the care of patients. Each of us needs to be wary of prescribing for renal patients and this handbook provides a highly practical, user-friendly method of ensuring that appropriate prescriptions are given to patients, whether they have normal renal function, renal impairment, transplants or are receiving renal replacement therapy. In addition, the authors give very helpful information on pharmacokinetics and common indications for the use of each drug described. This information is not available in any other single textbook. It is an invaluable resource for all healthcare professionals but particularly for those involved in the care of renal patients. A copy of the second edition can be found chained to note trolleys in all of the wards where renal patients are cared for in my hospital. This third edition is even more comprehensive.

Key Features 

• Provide healthcare professionals with a single reference of easily retrievable, practical information relating to drug use, sourced from the practical experience of renal units throughout the UK. By referring to the monographs, the user is guided in how to prescribe, prepare and administer the drug with due regard to potentially serious drug interactions and to any renal replacement therapy the patient may be undergoing.
• Provide a practice-based review of drug utilisation in renal units across the UK indicating, where appropriate, any local methods of use, licensed or otherwise.
• The Handbook is not intended to offer definitive advice or guidance on how drugs should be used in patients with renal impairment, nor is it a comprehensive and complete list of all drugs licensed in the UK.

About the Monographs

• Drug name
• Clinical use
• Dose in normal renal function
• Pharmacokinetics
• Dose in renal impairment
• Dose in renal replacement therapy
• Important drug interactions
• Administration
• Other information

About the editors

• Caroline Ashley MSc, BPharm, MRPharmS, Lead Pharmacist, Renal Services, Royal Free Hospital, London.
• Aileen Currie BSc, MRPharmS, Senior Pharmacist, Renal Services, Crosshouse Hospital, Kilmarnock. 

 

Product Details

• Paperback: 794 pages
• Publisher: Radcliffe Medical Press; 3 edition (November 2009)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1846192986
• ISBN-13: 978-1846192982
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.1 x 2.2 inches

List Price: $135.00 

 

Himmelfarb: Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation 3rd Edition (Expert Consult Series): A Companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney

Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis in Transplantation is a companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. This 3rd edition is designed to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the latest available information concerning patho-biology, clinical consequences and therapeutics over a wide spectrum of clinically important kidney diseases. The pace of acquisition of new knowledge in kidney disease is fast and furious, and our goal is to bring a thoughtful, well organized exposition of this burgeoning knowledge base to the readers. To accomplish this we are pleased to have been able to assemble a leading panel of expert contributors who have been challenged to summarize state of the art knowledge in each chapter of the book.

Compared to previous editions, the number of chapters in each section has been expanded and every chapter in this edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. New chapters have been created to cover topics of emerging importance such as chronic kidney disease in the elderly, pharmacoepidemiology in kidney disease, utilization and outcomes of peritoneal dialysis, and biomarkers in acute kidney injury. It is our hope that the reader of these and other chapters will become acquainted with the latest thinking in some of the most important topics in kidney disease. Thus the book is designed to be both a reference source and a practical guide to the clinical management of most major kidney diseases. The text should prove useful and valuable to clinicians, educators and investigators alike.

We wish to thank Barry M. Brenner for his confidence in allowing us to edit this companion volume to the comprehensive accounting of kidney disease found in Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. We also wish to acknowledge the logistical and practical support we received from Ms. Adrianne Brigido and Taylor Ball, who played major roles in the preparation of this new edition for publication. We would particularly like to thank the section editors (Ann O'Hare, Katherine Tuttle, John Stivelman, Rajnish Mehrotra, John Vella, Anil Chandraker, and Sushrut Waikar) for their tremendous contribution in the editing of each chapter, and for working in close conjunction with the chapter authors. Their intellectual rigor and enthusiasm have dramatically influenced the content of this book. We also wish to thank each author for taking considerable time and effort to ensure that each chapter provides state of the art information. We hope that readers achieve the same level of acquisition of new knowledge and enjoyment as we have attained by editing this book.

- Authors -

Key Features

• Apply the expertise of distinguished researchers and clinicians in the fields of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, critical care nephrology, and transplantation.
• Manage the full range of issues in chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation through comprehensive coverage of basic science and clinical tools.
• Gain clear visual understanding from illustrations, including diagnostic and treatment algorithms, line drawings, and photographs.

Website Features

• Consult the book from any computer at home, in your office, or at any practice location.
• Instantly locate the answers to your clinical questions via a simple search query.
• Quickly find out more about any bibliographical citation by linking to its MEDLINE abstract.

Contents

Section I - Chronic Kidney Disease

• Chapter 1 - Chronic Kidney Disease: Definition, Epidemiology, Cost, and Outcomes
• Chapter 2 - Measurement and Estimation of Kidney Function
• Chapter 3 - Diabetic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges
• Chapter 4 - Hypertensive Kidney Disease
• Chapter 5 - Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly

Section II - Complications and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

• Chapter 6 - The Role of the Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic
• Chapter 7 - Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 8 - Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder
• Chapter 9 - Vitamin D Deficiency
• Chapter 10 - Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 11 - Complications and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: Diabetes
• Chapter 12 - Nutrition and Metabolism in Kidney Disease
• Chapter 13 - Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 14 - Sleep Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 15 - Kidney Disease and Medications
• Chapter 16 - Depression and Neurocognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 17 - The Pediatric Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 18 - The Pathophysiology of Uremia
• Chapter 19 - Timing and Initiation and Modality Options for Renal Replacement Therapy

Section III - Hemodialysis

• Chapter 20 - Principles of Hemodialysis
• Chapter 21 - Vascular Access
• Chapter 22 - Hemodialysis Adequacy
• Chapter 23 - Hemodialysis-Associated Infections
• Chapter 24 - Acute Complications Associated with Hemodialysis
• Chapter 25 - Frequent Hemodialysis: Physiological, Epidemiological, and Practical Aspects

Section IV - Peritoneal Dialysis

• Chapter 26 - Peritoneal Physiology
• Chapter 27 - The Utilization and Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis
• Chapter 28 - Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
• Chapter 29 - Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription and Adequacy
• Chapter 30 - Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Infections
• Chapter 31 - Noninfectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis

Section V - Transplantation

• Chapter 32 - Transplantation Immunobiology
• Chapter 33 - Evaluation of Donors and Recipients
• Chapter 34 - Surgical Management of the Renal Transplant Recipient
• Chapter 35 - Biological Agents in Kidney Transplantation
• Chapter 36 - Current and Emerging Maintenance Immunosuppressive Therapy
• Chapter 37 - Diagnosis and Therapy of Graft Dysfunction
• Chapter 38 - Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients
• Chapter 39 - Noninfectious Complications after Kidney Transplantation
• Chapter 40 - Recurrent and De Novo Renal Diseases After Kidney Transplantation
• Chapter 41 - Pediatric Renal Transplantation
• Chapter 42 - Novel Diagnostics in Transplantation
• Chapter 43 - Chronic Kidney Disease in Nonkidney Transplant Recipients: Hematopoietic Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation
• Chapter 44 - Emerging Strategies in Kidney Transplantation
• Chapter 45 - Chronic Kidney Disease and the Kidney Transplant Recipient

Section VI - Acute Kidney Injury

• Chapter 46 - The Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury
• Chapter 47 - Metabolic and Nutritional Complications of Acute Kidney Injury
• Chapter 48 - Acute Kidney Injury: Biomarkers From Bench to Bedside
• Chapter 49 - Pharmacological Interventions in Acute Kidney Injury
• Chapter 50 - Dialytic Management for Acute Renal Failure
• Chapter 51 - Extracorporeal Treatment of Poisonings

About the Authors

• Jonathan Himmelfarb, MD, Professor of Medicine, Joseph W. Eschbach Endowed Chair for Kidney Research, Director, Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
• Mohamed H. Sayegh, MD, FAHA, FASN, ASCI, AAP, Raja N. Khuri Dean, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Director, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center Brigham, Women's Hospital & Children's Hospital, Boston, Visiting Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 760 pages
• Publisher: Saunders; 3 edition (2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1437709877
• ISBN-13: 978-1437709872
• Product Dimensions: 11.1 x 8.8 x 1.3 inches

List Price: $195.00 

 

Woo: Clinical Nephrology 3rd Edition

This comprehensive textbook provides a broad reveiw of kidney diseases with regards to symptoms, investigation and treatment. It deals with a variety of clinical entities like glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, hypertension, urinary infection and renal failure. The in-depth chapters deal with dialysis and kidney transplantation as well as renal therapeutics which are currently practiced — the latest combed from a broad range of medical journals, distilled and combined with the author's own experience and practice in nephrology since 1975 when he first embarked on his career as a kidney specialist.

This third edition has 7 new chapters reflecting the latest changes in nephrological practice, totalling 35 chapters as compared to the last edition of 27 chapters.

The new chapters include recent clinical trials, aging kidneys, cardiorenal syndrome, the geography and evolution of glomerulonephritis, IgA nephritis — a distinct Glomerular disease, acute poisoning and research in kidney diseases. These updated topics will allow the reader to keep abreast of the latest trends in nephrology, with abstract/summaries included for easy reference to the original text/articles.

Written in a clear and concise style, this invaluable textbook serves as a practical guide for medical students, doctors, nurses and other medical and paramedical personnel in kidney diseases.

Contents

1. Structure and Function
2. Symptoms and Signs in Renal Medicine
3. Renal Investigations
4. Glomerulonephritis
5. Nephrotic Syndrome
6. IgA Nephropathy: Discovery of a Distinct Glomerular Disorder
7. Pathogenesis and Therapy of IgA Nephritis
8. The Geography and Evolution of Glomerulonephritis
9. Clinical Trials and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
10. Lupus Nephritis
11. Urinary Tract Infection
12. Sex and the Kidney
13. Hypertension and the Kidney
14. The Cardiorenal Syndromes
15. Diuretics
16. Kidney Stones
17. Diabetes Mellitus and the Kidney
18. Fluid and Electrolytes
19. Acid-Base Balance
20. Clinical Problems on Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
21. Renal Tubular Acidosis
22. Renal Tubular Disorders
23. Systemic Disease and the Kidney
24. Pregnancy and the Kidney
25. Cancer and the Kidney
26. Inherited Kidney Diseases
27. Drugs and the Kidney
28. Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
29. Chronic Renal Failure
30. Hemodialysis
31. Peritoneal Dialysis
32. Renal Transplantation
33. The Aging Kidneys
34. Research in Kidney Diseases
35. Poisoning

Readership

Medical undergraduates, doctors, and nurses in nephrology.

Product Details

• Paperback: 668 pages
• Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company; 3 edition (2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 9814340804
• ISBN-13: 978-9814340809
• Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 5.5 x 1.1 inches

List Price: $68.00 

 

Chand: Clinician's Manual of Pediatric Nephrology

This handbook provides the fundamental information required to make good clinical assessments and management decisions in children with renal disorders. It includes topics that range from general pediatric nephrology disorders encountered by primary care physicians to more complex renal disorders managed by pediatric nephrologists. Common pediatric renal conditions including glomerular and tubular disorders, hypertension, and urologic conditions are addressed. Current topics such as neonatal disorders, chronic kidney disease, and transplantation are also covered. In addition, illustrations, algorithms and tables are utilized to highlight teaching points.

Contents

Introduction:

• Anatomy and Physiology of the Nephron (Christina Nguyen, Deepa H Chand and Rudolph P Valentini)
• The Urinalysis (Hiren P Patel)
• Evaluation of Renal Function in the Pediatric Patient (Susan E Ingraham and Hiren P Patel)
• Imaging Techniques (Azam Eghbal and Michael Rubin)

Fluid Balance in the Pediatric Patient:

• Normal Body Fluid Composition and Compartments (Thomas R Welch)
• Prescribing Fluids to the Pediatric Patient (Thomas R Welch)

Electrolyte Disorders in the Pediatric Patient:

• Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance (Aaron Friedman)
• Disorders of Potassium Balance (Laurence Shoemaker)
• Acid–Base in Health and Disease (John W Foreman and Rasheed A Gbadegesin)
• Disorders of Calcium Balance (Farah N Ali and Craig B Langman)
• Disorders of Phosphorus Balance (Farah N Ali and Craig B Langman)
• Disorders of Magnesium Balance (Farah N Ali and Craig B Langman)

Abnormal Urinary Findings:

• Hematuria (Alyssa A Riley and Deepa H Chand)
• Proteinuria (C Frederic Strife)

Glomerulopathies: Renal Limited:

• Steroid Sensitive and Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (Robert P Woroniecki, Brian Becknell and William E Smoyer)
• Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis (Michael C Braun)
• Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (Michael C Braun)
• Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Gaurav Kapur)
• Alport Syndrome (Gaurav Kapur)

Glomerulopathies Associated with Systemic Disease:

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Elahna Paul and Michael J G Somers)
• ANCA Associated Kidney Diseases (David Kershaw)
• Henoch–Schönlein Purpura Glomerulonephritis (David Kershaw)
• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (Swasti Chaturvedi and Christoph Licht)

Tubular Disorders:

• Renal Tubular Acidosis (Rasheed A Gbadegesin and John W Foreman)
• Bartter Syndrome (Scott J Schurman)
• Gitelman Syndrome (Scott J Schurman)
• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis (Kevin D McBryde)

Urinary Tract Infections:

• Acute Cystitis (Larisa G Kovacevic and Tej K Mattoo)
• Acute Pyelonephritis (Larisa G Kovacevic and Tej K Mattoo)
• Vesicoureteral Reflux (Larisa G Kovacevic and Tej K Mattoo)

Hypertension:

• Hypertension in Children (Daniel Feig)

Urologic Disorders:

• Voiding Dysfunction (Marlo A Eldridge and Yegappan Lakshmanan)
• Neuropathic Bladder and Spinal Dysraphism (Sanjeev Kaul and Yegappan Lakshmanan)
• Urolithiasis (Vimal Chadha and Uri S Alon)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI):

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (Prasad Devarajan)

Dialysis Therapy in AKI:

• Dialysis Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (Shaunna Lyon, Patrick D Brophy and Carla M Nester)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):

• Chronic Kidney Disease (John D Mahan)

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD):

• Pediatric Hemodialysis (Konggrapun Srisuwan and Denis F Geary)
• Peritoneal Dialysis (Marcus R Benz and Franz Schaefer)
• Nutrition in ESRD (Natalie Lussier, Meredith Miller and Victoria Vitale)

Renal Transplantation:

• Pediatric Kidney Transplantation: Perioperative Management (Jens Goebel, William R DeFoor, Curtis A Sheldon)
• Immunosuppressive Medications for Transplantation (Shefali Mahesh and Deepa H Chand)
• Transplant Outcomes (Corina Nailescu)

Cardiovascular Disease:

• Cardiovascular Disease in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease (Amy C Wilson and Mark M Mitsnefes)

Neonatal Nephrology:

• Neonatal Renal Physiology (Abiodun A Omoloja)
• Neonatal Disorders (Deepa H Chand, Heather Stewart and Maria E de Ferris)

Congenital Renal Diseases:

• Hydronephrosis, Obstructive Uropathy, and Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (Eric Z Massanyi and Daniel R McMahon)
• Polycystic Kidney Disease (John J Bissler)
• Nephronophthisis (Rene G Van De Voorde III)
• Rare Genetic Disorders (Rene G Van De Voorde III)

Readership 

General pediatric and pediatric nephrology trainees and primary care physicians.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 620 pages
• Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company (2011)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 981431787X
• ISBN-13: 978-9814317870

List Price: $173.00 

 

Goligorsky: Regenerative Nephrology

Somewhere along the tortuous evolutionary path “from fish to philosopher”, the ability to regenerate vital organs such as the kidney has been lost, or repressed. This book represents the first attempt to summarize more than a decade of kidney regeneration research. Regenerative nephrology is a subdomain of a broader emerging field of science, regenerative medicine. It is variously defined as “an interdisciplinary field of research and clinical applications focused on the repair, replacement or regeneration of cells, tissues or organs to restore impaired function” [1]; or “regenerative medicine replaces or regenerates human cells, tissue or organs, to restore or establish normal function” [2]; or “the use of cells for the treatment of disease and encompasses both organ repair and the de novo regeneration of an entire organ” [3]. Considering the youth of the field and multitude of remaining hurdles, while providing up-to-date reviews of respective subjects, all contributors to the current book kept an open mind and anticipatory stance, alas, for the lack of a more solid ground. Indeed, the immaturity of this field of knowledge could make one wonder whether the time is ripe for a book on the subject: “Are we there yet?” To me, this situation is reminiscent of Ray Bradbury’s finale of “The Martian Chronicles” [4], when a child asks his father of Martians’ whereabouts, and the father shows him their own reflection in the water: “’I’ve always wanted to see a Martian,’ said Michael. ’Where are they, Dad? You promised.’ ’There they are,’ said Dad . and pointed straight down. The Martians stared back up at them for a long, long silent time from the rippling water .”. Yes, I believe the field is here to stay, and the chapters collected in this volume are the reflection of it.

During my professional lifetime, a paradigm shift on chronic kidney diseases has occurred. Initially, the prevailing dogma stated that inevitable progression of chronic kidney diseases accelerates as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) drops below 60 ml/min and becomes inexorably fast when it drops below 25 30 ml/min, with dialysis-free time usually limited to 2 years, even when a low-protein diet was instituted. The process was imagined as an example of classical mechanics when a body is rolling down a sloping, non-resistive surface and gravitational forces are the only driver of the falling object. It has been quite rewarding to witness the collapse of this dogma. The dismantling process started earlier when angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and to a lesser degree statins, phosphate binders and erythropoietin, were introduced into daily clinical practice [5]. Therapy with ACE inhibitors had an impressive success in nephrotic patients in the Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy (REIN) extension study and in diabetics (reviewed in Ref. 6). This tide was further enhanced by the observation that, after a prolonged period of normoglycemia in diabetic patients who received a pancreas transplantation, kidney function and glomerular lesions showed improvement [7]. These achievements are masterfully summarized in several reviews [6,8 10]. With infallibility of the dogma being questioned, the ideas of reversibility based on regenerative process began creeping in.
The scientific basis for the newscience of regeneration is provided by the plethora of investigations into wound repair. Mythology abounds with the ideas of regeneration. It was the Phoenix that was able to reconstitute itself after it had been consumed by fire; and the deliverer of fire, Prometheus, who was capable of bringing his liver back to the normal size only to provide the persistent eagle with the fresh tissue to sup on the next day. As much as the ancients were sensitive to the delicate ideas of recuperation and restitution, the modern era supplied some mechanistic insights into these processes. An acute, postinjury phase is characterized by the release of soluble mediators increasing vascular permeability, neutrophil ingress and platelet aggregation, while the regenerative phase is marked by the in growth of new blood vessels, accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the wound bed (reviewed in Ref. 11). Two outcomes of wound healing are either a complete restoration of structure and function or fibrosis, with the combination of both bridging these two extremes. The simplest distinguishing feature between the two is the chronicity of the injurious agent; however, other stigmata determining full regeneration vis-a`-vis fibrosis do exist and are the subject of intense research. Planarians, fish and amphibians, exhibit the ability for the massive regeneration and restitution of lost body parts. This is accomplished by proliferation of stem cells, their migration to the site of injury and formation of a conglomerate of undifferentiated cells, blastema, which, receiving guidance cues from Wnt and BMP signals, proliferate, differentiate and restore the body plan. In higher organisms, the regenerative potential is much more modest, where the goal is accomplished via compensatory hypertrophy (liver and pancreas), stem cells (liver, pancreas, epithelial, bone, muscle, etc.) and cellular dedifferentiation (in fish: retina, spinal cord, fins; in reptiles: tails) (reviewed in Ref. 12). The end result of wound healing in mammals beyond embryonic age is matrix deposition and scar formation, which in parenchymal organs results in fibrosis. Injury to the kidney is more complex: true kidney regeneration would require formation of new nephrons, but this does not occur in postnatal mammals. Learning how to recapitulate the embryonic conditions, when healing does not result in scarring, and gaining insights into how to achieve restitution of structure functional organization of the lost or damaged tissue, thus preventing scarring and fibrosis, is the goal of regenerative sciences.
Fibrosis is the major process accompanying, and is at least partially responsible for, the functional demise of the kidney, or any other organ in chronic diseases. In the kidney, fibrotic processes may originate from the glomerulus [13], tubulointerstitium [14] and vasculature [15,16], forging the disease progression. In some cases, as in systemic sclerosis, a prototypic example of fibrotic processes with multiorgan involvement, there is clear evidence of vasculopathy preceding fibrosis [17,18]; in others, the sequence of events is more subtle, but the association of fibrosis and vascular dropout is unquestionable [15]. Only in rare cases, employing genetically engineered animals, is the sequence of events reversed. Such are, for instance, transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) receptor type II in fibroblasts [19], caveolin-1-deficient mice [20] and relaxin knockout mice [21], to name a few. Paradoxically, developing hypoxia and induction of proangiogenic factors not only fail to stimulate angiogenesis, but are associated with continuing vascular rarefaction. This phenomenon has been linked to the reduction of endothelial progenitor cells, or their incompetence [22,23]. By all accounts, induction of TGF-b signaling represents a final common pathway for development of fibrosis, while interferon-g, with or without interleukin-10, serves as a break in this system [24], as recently summarized by Varga and Abraham [18].
One of the intriguing questions is: Why are proregenerative processes not triggered by the encroaching disease? There should exist an element of molecular deception, when a pathological process evades the repair and/or regenerative mechanisms. It is reminiscent of an episode when Odysseus identifies himself to Polyphemus as “Nobody” and, when blinded Polyphemus calls for help and is asked whether he is affected by someone, he responds that “Nobody” attacks him.
This stealth mechanism or its opposite, an exaggerated repair response, is counteracted by SOS signaling devices, some of them employing purinergic metabolites [25], others high-mobility group protein-1 (HMGP-1), cytokines and chemokines, to name a few. The molecular mechanisms responsible for either masking the pathological process or inducing exaggerated response to injury, as well as the panoply of SOS signals, remain to be determined. It would be fair to state, therefore, that the imbalance between profibrotic and proregenerative processes, when the former prevails, is a driving force for progression of chronic kidney disease.
It is said that one should avoid cross-disciplinary extrapolation of principles from a particular field of studies to other fields. Do ideas and principles of classical Newtonian mechanics fall into this category and are not to be extrapolated? I believe that the principles of action and counteraction have broader application, and the entire field of regenerative medicine with the discovery of intrinsic mechanisms of repair or counteraction to destructive disease processes is an ample example of this.
Quoting Claude Bernard, “The science of life is a superb and dazzling lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen.” This collection of chapters should take the reader through this path with the hope that it will be of help for the future entrance to the “lighted hall”. Indeed, written by the most prominent scientists, this book should illuminate such a passage. Commencing with the phylogenetic and ontogenetic overviews of kidney regeneration, it proceeds to account for several humoral and immune cell-dependent mediators of regeneration, subjects of intense research which is disclosing novel functions of macrophages and T cells, thus changing our perception of their functional role in inflammation and recovery. The contribution of stem cells to renal repair and trafficking of stem cells from their niches to the sites of repair are discussed in detail in the following two sections of the book. How stem cell repair is modified by disease and in aging and what strategies may improve their regenerative potential is the subject of the following section. The last portion of the book examines the rules for current and future clinical trials, safety of stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, as well as ethical issues related to stem cell therapy and storage of stem cells. Certainly, within the framework of the book it was impossible to embrace all of the exciting developments in the field, but the subjects discussed herein represent the core issues of the main theme of kidney regeneration. If omissions occurred, they are my responsibility. The only excuse I can invoke is the youth of the subject and the lack of precedents attempting to combine the entirety of the fledgling field of knowledge into a concise and thought provoking narrative.
In preparing this book, I was tremendously helped by Megan Wickline and Mara Conner from Elsevier, and Patricia Meravy, from New York Medical College, whose assistance, linguistic skills and remarkable insights have been invaluable. I am also indebted to several colleagues, especially Drs M. Little and C. Westenfelder, who provided me with their criticisms of the earlier structural versions of the book. It is now up to the reader to contribute to this process, with my humble assurance that suggestions and critique will be gratefully acknowledged.

Michael S. Goligorsky

References
[1] H. Greenwood, H. Thorsteinsdottir, G. Perry, J. Renihan, P. Singer, A. Daar, Regenerative medicine: new opportunities for developing countries, Int. J. Biotechnol. 8 (2006) 60e77.
[2] C. Mason, P. Dunnill, A brief definition of regenerative medicine, Regen. Med. 3 (2008) 1e5.
[3] M. Little, Regrow or repair: potential regenerative therapies for the kidney, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (2006) 2390e2401.
[4] R. Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles, Doubleday, New York, 1958, p. 222.
[5] B.M. Brenner, Retarding the progression of renal disease, Kidney Int. 64 (2003) 370e378.
[6] G. Remuzzi, A. Benigni, A. Remuzzi, Mechanisms of progres sion and regression of renal lesions of chronic nephropathies and diabetes, J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006) 288e296.
[7] P. Fioretto, M. Steffes, D. Suthrland, F. Goetz, M. Mauer, Reversal of lesions of diabetic nephropathy after pancreas transplantation, N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 69e75.
[8] A. Khwaja, M. Kossi, J. Floege, M. El Nahas, The management of CKD: a look into the future, Kidney Int. 72 (2007) 1316e1323.
[9] B.M. Brenner, Remission of renal disease: recounting the chal lenge, acquiring the goal, J. Clin. Invest. 110 (2002) 1753e1758.
[10] N. Perico, A. Benigni, G. Remuzzi, Present and future drug treatments for chronic kidney diseases: evolving targets in renoprotection, Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 7 (2008) 936e953.
[11] T. Stappenbeck, H. Miyoshi, The role of stromal stem cells in tissue regeneration and wound repair, Science 324 (2009) 1666e1669.
[12] D. Stocum, G. Zupanc, Stretching the limits: stem cells in regeneration science, Dev. Dynam. 237 (2008) 3648e3671.
[13] W. Kriz, M. LeHir, Pathways to nephron loss starting from glomerular diseases: insights from animal models, Kidney Int. 67 (2005) 404e419.
[14] R. Risdon, J. Sloper, H. DeWardener, Relationship between renal function and histological changes found in renal biopsy speci mens from patients with persistent glomerular nephritis, Lancet ii (1968) 363e366.
[15] K. Eardley, C. Kubal, D. Zehnder, et al., The role of capillary density, macrophage infiltration and interstitial scarring in the pathogenesis of human chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int. 74 (2008) 495e504.
[16] B. Hohenstein, A. Braun, K.U. Amann, R.J. Johnson, C.P. Hugo, A murine model of site specific renal microvascular endothelial injury and thrombotic microangiopathy, Nephrol. Dial. Trans plant. 23 (2008) 1144e1156.
[17] M. Kahaleh, G. Sherer, E. LeRoy, Endothelial injury in scleroderma, J. Exp. Med. 149 (1979) 1326e1335.
[18] J. Varga, D. Abraham, Systemic sclerosis: a prototypic multi system fibrotic disorder, J. Clin. Invest. 117 (2007) 557e567.
[19] C. Denton, G.E. Lindahl, K. Khan, et al., Activation of key profibrotic mechanisms in transgenic fibroblasts expressing kinase deficient type II TGF beta receptor, J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 16053e16065.
[20] B. Razani, T.P. Combs, X.B.Wang, et al., Caveolin 1 null mice are viable but show evidence of hyperproliferative and vascular abnormalities, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 38121e38138.
[21] C. Samuel, C. Zhao, Q. Yang, et al., The relaxin gene knockout mouse: a model of progressive scleroderma, J. Invest. Dermatol. 125 (2005) 692e699.
[22] M. Kuwana, Y. Okazaki, H. Yasuoka, Y. Kawakami, Y. Ikeda, Defective vasculogenesis in systemic sclerosis, Lancet 364 (2004) 603e610.
[23] N. Del Papa, N. Quirici, D. Soligo, et al., Bone marrow endo thelial progenitors are defective in systemic sclerosis, Arthritis. Rheum. 54 (2006) 2605e2615.
[24] A. Ghosh, W. Yuan, Y. Mori, S.J. Chen, J. Varga, Antagonistic regulation of type I collagen gene expression by interferon gamma and transforming growth factor beta, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 11041e11048.
[25] M.S. Goligorsky, D. Patschan, M. C. Kuo, WeibelePalade bodies e sentinels of acute ischemia, Nat. Rev. Nephrology. 5
(2009) 423e426.

Contents
PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY OF TISSUE REGENERATION
1. Glomerulogenesis and de novo nephrogenesis in medaka fish - evolutionary approach
2. Renal Organogenesis: Growing a replacement kidney in situ from transplanted renal primordia
3. Use of Genetic Mouse Models to study Kidney Regeneration

MEDIATORS OF REGENERATION
4. Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Renal Disease
5. Tissue protection and regeneration aided by erythropoietin and erythropoietin-derived peptides
6. Mast cells in kidney regeneration
7. Role of macrophages in renal injury, repair and regeneration
8. T-cells contribution to regenerative processes

STEM CELLS IN REGENERATIVE PROCESSES
9. MSC and reparative processes
10. Stem cells in regenerative processes: Endothelial progenitor cells and the kidney
11. The potential of the side population in regenerative nephrology
12. Very small embryonic like stem cells (VSELs) and their potential relevance for kidney homeostasis
13. Stem Cells in Regenerative Processes; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
14. Methods of Isolation and Culture of Adult Stem cells

STEM CELLS - FROM THE NICHE TO REPAIR
15. Stem Cell Niche in the Kidney
16. Creation of artificial niches
17. Imaging of transplanted and native stem cells

CAUSES OF REGENERATIVE FAILURE
18. Stem cell injury and premature senescence
19. Regeneration and Aging: Regulation by Sirtuins and the NAD+ Salvage Pathway
20. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Organ Repair and Strategies to Optimize their Efficacy

EMERGING CLINICAL ASPECTS OF STEM CELL THERAPY
21. Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury with allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Preclinical and initial Clinical Data
22. Clinical trials in Renal Regenerative Medicine
23. Potential risks of stem cell therapies
24. Tissue engineering in urology
25. Ethical issues in SC therapy
26. Stem Cell Banking

Index 

Book Details

• Hardcover: 442 pages
• Publisher: Academic Press; 1 edition (2011)
• Language: English 
• ISBN-10: 0123809282
• ISBN-13: 978-0123809285
• Product Dimensions: 10.9 x 8.7 x 1.1 inches

List Price: $129.95 

Edelstein: Biomarkers in Kidney Disease

The importance of developing and defining biomarkers of kidney diseases that can be used for early diagnosis, assessment of severity, and long term prognosis has been emphasized by the American Society of Nephrology and the National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Over the last ten years, there has been exponential growth in research on biomarkers of kidney diseases. Preclinical studies have been taken to the bedside and it is now possible to use biomarkers to diagnose certain kidney diseases at an earlier stage than has been possible with conventional tests. This prospect of early diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases has made biomarker research one of the most exciting areas of kidney research.

The prevention or attenuation of the severity of disease necessitates early detection. In recent years this has been a focus relative to kidney disease. Biomarkers in Kidney Disease edited by Charles Edelstein summarizes advances in early detection and assessment of severity in an array of important kidney diseases. State of the art techniques, including metabolomics and proteomics, are discussed in areas of acute kidney injury, kidney transplantation, renal cancer, diabetic nephropathy and other glomerular diseases, as well as in preeclampsia.

Biomarkers in Kidney Disease is a seminal book, because nephrology has lagged behind other subspecialties in performing interventional trials which can improve the lives of their patients. A major reason is because the tools to detect kidney disease at the early stage have heretofore not been available. As in all diseases, prevention and attenuation of severity necessitates early intervention. The emergence of sensitive biomarkers of early kidney disease now has the potential to allow early detection and inter vention. With this book there is now a source which provides up to date and important information by distinguished authors about biomarkers available to detect early kidney disease.

Biomarkers of Kidney Disease offers a thorough examination of the latest findings in the field for both the practicing physician as well as the biomedical researcher. Coverage includes biomarkers of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, kidney transplant rejection, delayed kidney allograft function, renal cell cancer, glomerular disease, diabetic nephropathy, and preeclampsia. This book is the most comprehensive reference yet published on the topic of biomarkers of kidney diseases.

Contents
Chapter 1 - Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker of Kidney Diseases
1. The Discovery of Biomarkers 1
2. Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker 4
3. Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury 6
4. Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease 11
5. The Example of NGAL as a Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury 14
Chapter 2 - Statistical Considerations in Analysis and Interpretation of Biomarker Studies
1. Introduction 25
2. Planning a Study 27
2.1. Research objectives for assessing biomarker performance 27
2.2. Explore covariates that may affect biomarker values 27
2.3. Avoid overfitting 28
3. Statistical Methods to Quantify Classification Performance 28
3.1. True positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) 28
3.1.1. Example e urine biomarker predicts AKI after cardiac surgery 29
3.2. ROC curve 30
3.3. Area under the curve (AUC) 32
3.4. Optimal classification threshold 32
3.5. Partial area under the curve 32
4. Sample Size Calculations 33
5. Emerging Methods 33
5.1. Standardized placement values 33
5.2. Risk models 34
5.2.1. Predictiveness curves 34
5.2.2. Net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) 36
6. Summary 36
Chapter 3 - The Role of Metabolomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
1. Introduction 40
1.1. Definitions 41
1.1.1. Why are metabolomics-based molecular markers expected to be more sensitive and specific than currently established markers used in nephrology? 41
1.1.2. Metabolomic-based molecular markers versus protein and genomic markers advantages and challenges 43
2. Metabolic Mapping of the Kidney 46
2.1. Cortex 46
2.2. Medulla 47
2.3. Papilla 47
3. Non-Targeted and Targeted Metabolomics 48
4. The Sample 54
4.1. Tissues 54
4.2. Biofluids 54
5. Analytical Technologies 56
5.1. NMR spectroscopy 56
5.2. Mass spectrometry 57
5.3. Other technologies for metabolic profiling 60
5.4. Chemometrics and databases 60
5.4.1. GC-MS 62
5.4.2. LC-MS 63
5.5. Normalization of urine data 63
5.6. Validation of analytical assays, quality control and standardization 64
6. Metabolic Molecular Marker Discovery and Development 65
7. Metabolomics in Renal Research and as Kidney Function, Disease and Injury Marker 68
7.1. Identification of disease, pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic molecular mechanisms 69
7.2. Nephrotoxicity and drug development 71
7.3. Kidney transplantation 73
7.3.1. Organ quality, organ storage and ischemia reperfusion injury of kidney transplants 77
7.3.2. Immunosuppressant nephrotoxicity 77
7.3.3. Allo-immune reactions 80
7.4. Cancer 81
7.4.1. Urinary metabolite markers of renal cell carcinoma 82
7.4.2. Biochemical classification of renal carcinoma biopsy samples 82
7.4.3. Monitoring of cancer treatment effects 83
7.5. Urine as matrix for non-renal disease and injury 83
8. Metabolomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology 85
8.1. Why hasn’t it worked? 85
8.2. How will it work?
Chapter 4 - The Role of Proteomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
1. Introduction 102
1.1. Why are molecular marker strategies considered predictive? 103
2. Non-targeted and Targeted Proteomics 106
2.1. Non-targeted 106
2.2. Targeted 109
3. Proteins and the Kidney 110
4. The Proteomics Sample 114
4.1. Kidney tissues and cell culture 115
5. Analytical Technologies 116
5.1. 2D gel proteomics 117
5.2. LC-MS 121
5.3. Labeling technologies for LC-MS analysis 124
5.4. Other mass spectrometry-based technologies 125
5.5. Non-targeted microarrays 126
5.6. Technologies for targeted proteomics 126
5.7. Database searches, biostatistics and annotation 130
5.7.1. Data processing 130
5.7.2. Peptide identification 130
5.7.3. Validation 131
5.7.4. Quantification 131
5.7.5. Annotation 132
5.8. Normalization of urine data 132
5.9. Validation of analytical assays, quality control and standardization 132
6. Proteomics in Renal Research and as a Marker for Kidney Function, Disease and Injury 135
6.1. Identification of disease, pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic molecular mechanisms 135
6.2. Acute and chronic kidney injury
6.3. Nephrotoxicity and drug development 147
6.4. Kidney transplantation 148
6.5. Cancer 156
6.6. The effects of extra-renal proteome changes on the urine proteome 158
7. Proteomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology 158
Chapter 5 - Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury 
1. Serum Creatinine in Acute Kidney Injury 179
2. Interleukin-18 181
3. Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin 186
4. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 192
5. Tubular Enzymes 195
6. Cystatin C 197
7. Other Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury 201
7.1. IL-6 and IL-8 201
7.2. Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) 205
7.3. L1 cell adhesion molecule 206
7.4. Netrin 206
7.5. Exosomes 207
7.6. Urinary aprotinin 208
7.7. Nephronectin 209
7.8. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) genetic polymorphisms 209
8. Combinations of AKI Biomarkers 209
9. Summary 211
10. Biomarkers of Extra-renal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury 212
10.1. AKI and inflammation 213
10.1.1. Proinflammatory cytokines mediate organ dysfunction 213
10.1.2. Proinflammatory cytokines are increased in the serum in animal models of AKI 213
10.1.3. Clearance of proinflammatory cytokines may be impaired in acute kidney injury 214
10.1.4. Excess production and impaired clearance of proinflammatory cytokines may occur in AKI 214
10.1.5. Serum cytokines are increased in patients with AKI 215
10.1.6. Serum IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 are increased in patients with established AKI and predict mortality 215
10.1.7. Serum IL-6 is an early biomarker of AKI 216
10.2. Pulmonary complications of AKI 217
10.2.1. Lung inflammation in experimental AKI 219
10.2.2. Potential role of IL-6 in AKI-mediated lung injury 220
10.2.3. Serum IL-6 and IL-8 increase 2 h after cardiopulmonary bypass-associated AKI and predict prolonged mechanical ventilation 221
Chapter 6 - Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation
1. Biomarkers: An Overview 234
2. Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury Post-transplantation (Table 6.1) 234
2.1. Pre-transplant biomarkers 234
2.1.1. Tissue markers 234
2.1.2. Plasma markers 238
2.2. Post-transplant biomarkers 239
2.2.1. Tissue markers 239
2.2.2. Plasma markers 240
2.2.3. Urine markers 241
2.2.4. Genetic biomarkers of DGF 244
3. Biomarkers of Acute Rejection (Table 6.2) 245
3.1. Genetic biomarkers of acute rejection (Table 6.3) 245
3.2. Chemokines and acute rejection 254
3.3. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and acute rejection 258
3.4. Gene transcripts and acute rejection 258
3.5. ELISPOT as a biomarker of acute rejection 264
3.6. Platelet activation and acute rejection 265
3.7. Serum markers of inflammation and acute rejection 265
3.8. Tissue biomarkers of acute rejection 267
3.9. B-cell activation and acute rejection (tissue biomarkers as predictors of response to therapy) 269
3.10. Cytokines as biomarkers of acute rejection 270
3.11. Urine flow cytometry and the diagnosis of acute rejection 271
3.12. Proteomic-based approaches to finding biomarkers of acute rejection 272
4. Biomarkers of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (Table 6.4) 273
4.1. Tissue markers 273
4.2. Plasma markers 277
4.3. Genetic markers 278
4.4. Urine biomarkers 279
5. Biomarkers of Polyoma Virus Infection 279
6. Summary 283
Chapter 7 - Cystatin C as a Biomarker in Kidney Disease
1. Structure and Function of Cystatin C 291
2. Cystatin C Gene Structure and Cystatin C Production 292
3. Catabolism of Cystatin C 293
4. Cystatin C as a Marker for Glomerular Filtration Rate 294
5. Creatinine- and Cystatin C-based GFR-prediction Equations 298
6. The Lund Model: GFR-estimation with an Internal Quality Control 301
7. Abnormal Glomerular Filtration Quality: A New Marker for Kidney Disease. Use of Cystatin C to Identify It 302
8. Cystatin C and Aging Success 304
Chapter 8 - Biomarkers of Renal Cancer
1. Renal Cancer 313
1.1. Biology 314
1.2. Diagnosis and treatment 315
1.3. Staging and prognosis 316
2. Cancer Biomarkers e General Concepts 319
3. Renal Cancer Biomarkers 320
3.1. Diagnostic markers 321
3.1.1. Circulating markers 321
3.1.2. Histopathological diagnosis 323
3.2. Prognostic markers 324
3.2.1. Tissue-based markers 329
3.2.2. Circulating markers 334
3.2.3. Predictive markers 338
4. Conclusions 344
Chapter 9 - Urinary Proteomics and Candidate Biomarker Discovery for Diabetic Nephropathy
1. Introduction 352
2. Urinary Proteins as Candidate Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy 354
3. Urinary Peptides as Candidate Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Kidney Disease 357
4. Urinary Peptides as Candidate Biomarkers of Early Progressive Renal Function Decline in Type 1 Diabetic Nephropathy 359
5. A Targeted Proteomic Analysis for Candidate Biomarkers of Early Renal Function Decline in Type 1 Diabetic Nephropathy 363
6. Future Developments and Applications of Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery 364
Chapter 10 - Biomarkers in Glomerular Disease
1. Biomarkers in Glomerular Diseases 368
1.1. Predictors of outcome in glomerular diseases 368
2. Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis 368
2.1. Predictors of lupus nephritis class 369
2.2. Biomarkers that predict renal lupus flares 370
3. Membranous Nephropathy 372
4. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis 374
5. Minimal Change Disease 375
6. IgA Nephropathy 376
7. ANCA-associated Vasculitis 378
8. Discovery of New Biomarkers using Proteomics 379
Chapter 11 - Biomarkers in Preeclampsia
1. Definition and Prevalence of the Disease 386
2. Pathophysiology and Mechanisms 387
3. Clinical Manifestations 389
3.1. The kidney 390
3.2. Liver and coagulation abnormalities 391
3.3. The brain 391
3.4. Fetal complications 392
3.5. Long term complications 392
4. Diagnosis 393
5. Biomarkers 395
5.1. Angiogenic markers 395
5.1.1. Sequential changes 397
5.1.2. High risk populations 402
5.1.3. Other antiangiogenic states 403
5.1.4. PlGF in the urine 404
5.1.5. Differential diagnosis 404
5.2. Placental protein-13 406
5.3. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A 407
5.4. Renal dysfunction related tests 408
5.4.1. Serum uric acid 408
5.4.2. Proteinuria 408
5.4.3. Kallikreins 409
5.5. Free fetal nucleic acids 409
5.6. Uterine Doppler velocimetry 411
5.7. Combination of tests 412
6. Novel Biomarkers and Future Perspectives 414
6.1. Transcriptomics 414
6.2. Proteomics 416
6.3. Metabolomics 416
7. Conclusion 417
Index

Book Details

• Hardcover: 454 pages
• Publisher: Academic Press; 1 edition (September 27, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0123756723
• ISBN-13: 978-0123756725
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6 x 1.1 inches

List Price: $99.95

Brenner and Rector's The Kidney 8th edition: Text with Continually Updated Online Reference 2 Volume Set

As readers approach this Eighth edition, they will immediately appreciate the radical change in book design, with vibrant cover art and pages in full color to enhance visual appeal and illustration clarity. Despite growth in knowledge, authors have been beseeched to adhere to strictly assigned length limitations and to emphasize literature published since 1990, since older references are readily available in cited reviews and previous editions. As a result, overall book length is less than the previous edition, despite growing from 66 to 70 chapters.
To more effectively integrate the ever-enlarging knowledge base in renal physiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis and therapeutics, a radical reorganization of the textbook had been initiated into 12 sections, each distinguished by separate color code. This is the first such reorganization since publication of the First edition in 1976.
Of the 70 chapters, one-fourth are entirely new titles, one-fourth have been completely revised by newly invited authors and for the remaining half each chapter has undergone major updates and revisions, often with addition of new co-authors. Through the collective efforts of very able contributors, the intellectual and practical value of this new edition of Brenner and Rector's The Kidney has not only been continued but further strengthened. There are now 161 contributors to the Eighth Edition (compared to 151 in the Seventh Edition), and 73 of these 161 (over 40%) are new to this edition.

The new organization in 12 sections proceeds as follows:
Section I: Normal Renal Function: Molecular, Cellular, Structural and Physiological Principles. This section devoted to basic renal structure and function is made up of nine chapters, dealing in detail with embryology, anatomy and topography, hemodynamics, tubule solute transport, urinary acidification, concentration and dilution, and the cellular actions of vasopressin. The principles outlined enable the reader to approach subsequent considerations of pathogenesis, pathophysiology and clinical nephrology in the most rational way possible.
Section II: Integrated Control of Body Fluid Volume and Composition. Of the seven chapters in this section, two deal with vasoactive peptides and arachidonate metabolites, molecules that greatly influence renal function. These are followed by in-depth discussions of disorders of sodium and water, acid-base, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate homeostasis.
Section III: Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Kidney Disease. This novel section contains five chapters dealing with epidemiology, risk factor assessment, and the increasingly recognized roles of nephron endowment, gender and aging on renal disease risk and outcomes.
Section IV: Pathogenesis of Renal Disease. In this section of seven chapters, experienced clinicians describe the approach to the patient with known or suspected kidney disease, and how to apply the most cost-effective diagnostic assessments by laboratory evaluation and radiologic and other new imaging procedures. This very extensive imaging library is in itself a comprehensive primer for the nephrologist. Also reviewed in this section are the growing number of interventional approaches made possible by these ingenious new imaging procedures. Finally, this section includes two chapters dealing with the fundamental renal and systemic adaptations to nephron injury and chronic loss of renal function, providing insight into the mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the progression of renal disease and its attendant systemic complications.
Section V: Disorders of Kidney Function. The ten chapters in this section deal with the major clinical entities that constitute the full spectrum of acute and chronic kidney disease. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of acute kidney injury, primary and secondary glomerulopathies, micro- and macrovascular disorders of the kidney, tubulo-interstitial disease, diabetic nephropathy, urinary tract infection, obstruction, nephrolithiasis, and renal neoplasia are extensively reviewed by authors with vast clinical experience in each of their assigned areas.
Section VI: Genetic Basis of Kidney Disease. The three chapters devoted to this very active area of renal research address the inherited podocytopathies and tubule transport disorders as well as the various cystic diseases of the kidney, with thorough discussions of relevant genetic abnormalities and current understanding of how mutational events lead to clinical manifestations of disordered renal structure and function.
Section VII: Hypertension and the Kidney. This section of five chapters deals with the important clinical entities of primary and secondary hypertension, renovascular disease and ischemic nephropathy, and hypertension and kidney disease in pregnancy. Treatment for these conditions has evolved considerably, and these advances are thoroughly reviewed in two relevant chapters on antihypertensive drugs and diuretics, again by recognized experts.
Section VIII: The Consequences of Renal Failure. The six chapters in this section examine the biochemical and pathophysiological consequences of advancing renal insufficiency on cardiovascular, hematologic, endocrine, neurologic and musculoskeletal systems, areas in which new research findings have shed considerable light on causes and management of these systemic manifestations of the uremic state.
Section IX: Conservative and Pharmacological Management of Kidney Disease. This section of five chapters reviews in detail the best available dietary and pharmacologic therapies for patients with progressive kidney disease, including specific pharmacologic approaches to renoprotection, and the rational uses of erythropoietic stimulating proteins, vitamin D analogs and calcimimetic and phosphate binding agents. The final chapter in this section updates our knowledge of faulty drug metabolism in the patient with advancing renal disease and the necessary precautions that must be applied to drug use in this at-risk population.
Section X: Invasive Therapy of Renal Failure. In five chapters in this section the major treatment modalities of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and plasmapheresis are reviewed, along with the special challenges that increasingly confront nephrologists in the sett-ing of the intensive care unit and in the patient in whom intentional or accidental poisoning necessitates extracorporeal treatment for toxin-removal and life support.
Section XI: Renal Transplantation. The three chapters in this penultimate section deal with the still-challenging treatment modality of renal transplantation, with extensive reviews of relevant basic immunology, specific issues related to both the organ donor and recipient, and principles of management of the early and later phases of the post-transplant clinical response.
Section XII: Frontiers in Nephrology. In these final five chapters, experts working at the cutting edge of the frontiers that hold great promise for nephrology are asked to foresee the future from their unique vantage points. Can we ultimately attain immunologic tolerance, achieve success with xenotransplantation, engineer the regrowth of normal renal parenchyma, and utilize stem cells and the promise of genomics and proteomics to advance our diagnostic and therapeutic horizons in nephrology? The answers to these provocative challenges will hopefully spur dramatic improvements in the care of our deserving patients with end stage renal disease.
As was the case with previous editions of Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, the goal for the Eighth edition is to educate and update all those concerned with the workings of the kidney in health and disease, i.e., medical and graduate students, internists, pediatricians, urologists and of course nephrologists, from trainees to highly experienced clinicians and scientists.
But even a two-volume, extensively illustrated, updated and abundantly referenced tome cannot by itself encompass the full universe of nephrology of 2008 and beyond. In recognition of this limitation, the authors have systematically labored to construct a formidable Library of Nephrology consisting of several regularly revised and updated Companion Volumes, including Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension, second edition, edited by Hugh Brady and Christopher Wilcox, Hypertension, second edition, edited by Suzanne Oparil and Michael Weber, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation, second edition, edited by Brian Pereira, Mohamed Sayegh, and Peter Blake, Acute Renal Failure, edited by Bruce Molitoris and William Finn, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, edited by Thomas DuBose and Lee Hamm, Diagnostic Atlas of Renal Pathology, edited by Agnes Fogo and Michael Kashgarian and Pocket Companion, edited by Michael Clarkson and Barry Brenner. The aim of these, and several additional volumes now in preparation or planned, is to assist the active and often time-constrained renal physician and scientist in acquiring familiarity with the latest advances in contemporary nephrology.
Keeping pace can also be achieved by utilizing the e-dition of the Eighth edition, which provides immediate electronic access to the entire text and its myriad of tables and figures, all of which can be readily downloaded in PowerPoint format for individual use. Moreover, since the four year cycle for new editions still leaves time gaps for those most in immediate need of new information, the authors now routinely scan dozens of relevant journals each month and prepare abstracts of articles that contain important new information. These abstracts are posted at frequent intervals directly into the page of the electronic text dealing with the exact topic so as to create a constantly updated e-dition, in effect a living textbook.

Book Details

• Hardcover: 2448 pages
• Publisher: Saunders; 8 edition (December 19, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 9781416031109
• ISBN-13: 978-1416031109
• ASIN: 1416031103
• Product Dimensions: 12.7 x 9.8 x 6.3 inches

List Price: $625.00

Management of Acute Kidney Problems

Acute kidney disease (from injury to failure) is an important clinical area particularly in the intensive care unit setting. As many as two thirds of critically ill patients experience an episode of acute kidney injury during the course of their illness, and about 5% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit will eventually require renal replacement therapy. In these patients, in-hospital mortality is extremely high, exceeding 50%, with acute kidney failure constituting a significant independent risk factor for death.
As intensive care practitioners are often the initial or even sole providers of care to seriously ill patients at risk for acute kidney injury, it is their responsibility to ensure that adequate measures to prevent its occurrence are taken. Moreover, it is their task to diagnose and evaluate incipient acute kidney disease, to initiate optimal supportive care, and where possible, definitive treatment of this disorder.
It is the editors’ hope that this book will provide a reference for clinicians practicing in the intensive care unit, to help guide their care of patients with acute kidney disease. In addition, we would like to address clinicians from many other fields who are regularly involved in the care of patients at risk for acute kidney injury. To that end there are a group of international authors to cover the most recent information on definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical causes of acute kidney injury and failure. Their understanding is a fundamental prerequisite for the prevention of this disorder. Moreover, the earlier parts of this book present differential diagnostic approaches for patients with acute kidney disease and a detailed outline of important measures for its clinical management and the prevention of complications. The subsequent parts are dedicated to the diagnosis and management of acute kidney disease in specific patient groups and in particular disorders. Finally, the various key aspects related to the adequate delivery of acute renal replacement therapy are detailed in the final parts of the book.
The chapters included in this book are derived from clinical experience and report the evidence for current clinical practice extracted from consensus statements or systematic analyses of the literature.

Contents

Part I Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Failure
1.1 Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury
Part II Overview of Pathophysiology, Etiology and Epidemiology
2.1 Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury and Repair
2.2 Uremic Toxins
2.3 Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure
2.4 Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury
2.5 Urinary Tract Obstruction
2.6 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury
2.7 Economic Impact of Acute Kidney Failure
Part III Diagnostic Evaluation and Procedures
3.1 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation
3.2 Kidney Function Tests and Urinalysis
3.3 Renal Ultrasound
3.4 Management of Acute Kidney Problems: Indications for Renal Biopsy in Acute Renal Disease
Part IV Prevention and Conservative Therapy of Acute Kidney Failure
4.1 Volume Resuscitation and Management
4.2 Management of Electrolyte Disorders
4.3 Acid–Base Balance
4.4 Monitoring and Management of Systemic Hemodynamics
4.5 Treatment of Anemia
4.6 Metabolic Alterations and Nutrition in AKI
4.7 Glucose, Insulin, and the Kidney
4.8 Bleeding and Hemostasis
4.9 Neurological Problems
4.10 Gastrointestinal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury
4.11 Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury .
4.12 Acute Kidney Injury: Specific Interventions and Drugs . 229
4.13 Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Injury andDuring Renal Replacement Therapy
4.14 Anesthesia in Patients with Kidney Failure
Part V Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury
5.1 Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury
Part VI Diagnosis and Management of Specific Disorders
6.1 Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis
6.1.1. Hemodynamics and Hormones During Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury
6.1.2. Sodium and Water Balance During Sepsis
6.1.3. Early Renal Vasoconstriction in Septic AKI
6.1.4. Role of Oxygen Radicals and Cytokines in Renal Tubular and Vascular Injury During Sepsis
6.1.5. Prospective Randomized Clinical Studies in Sepsis
6.1.6 Take Home Pearls

6.2 Kidney in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Brief Review of Renal Neurohormonal Regulation
6.2.3 Clinical Aspects in the Management of AHFS and Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.4 Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock and its Effects on Renal Function
6.2.5 Role of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.6 Take Home Pearls

6.3 Acute Kidney Problems in Congestive Heart Failure
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Congestive Heart Failure
6.3.3 Cardiorenal Syndrome
6.3.4 Deterioration in Renal Function During Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
6.3.5 Risk of Rhabdomyolysis with Statins
6.3.6 Cholesterol Embolization
6.3.7 Radiocontrast Nephropathy
6.3.8 Special Circumstances
6.3.9 Take Home Pearls

6.4 Hepatorenal Syndrome
6.5 Malignant Hypertension
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Histopathologic Findings
6.5.3 Pathophysiology
6.5.4 Epidemiology
6.5.5 Clinical Perspectives
6.5.6 Management
6.5.7 Take Home Pearls

6.6 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Drugs and Poisons
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms 9
6.6.3 Common Nephrotoxins
6.6.4 Conclusion
6.6.5 Take Home Pearls

6.7 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Radiocontrast Media
6.7.1 Definition of Toxic Nephropathy After Iodinated Contrast Medium
6.7.2 Consensus Statements on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
6.7.3 Pathophysiology
6.7.4 Classes of Iodinated Contrast
6.7.5 Importance of Volume Expansion
6.7.6 Dialysis and Hemofiltration
6.7.7 Pharmacologic Prophylaxis
6.7.8 Follow-Up
6.7.9 Biomarkers for Contrast-Induced AKI
6.7.10 Future Approaches
6.7.11 Take Home Pearls

6.8 Acute Glomerulonephritis, Vasculitis, and Pulmonary Renal Syndrome
6.9 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/ Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
6.9.1 Introduction
6.9.2 Acquired Forms
6.9.3 Genetic (TMA Associated with Congenital Defects)
6.9.4 Idiopathic
6.9.5 Treatment Guidelines
6.9.6 Future Directions
6.9.7 Take Home Pearls

6.10 Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
6.10.1 Background
6.10.2 Historical
6.10.3 Epidemiology
6.10.4 Clinical Features
6.10.5 Etiology
6.10.6 Pathogenesis
6.10.7 Histology
6.10.8 Diagnosis
6.10.9 Treatment
6.10.10 Prognosis
6.10.11 Take Home Pearls

6.11 Myoglobinuric Acute Kidney Failure
6.12 Tropical Infections and Acute Kidney Injury
6.12.1 Introduction
6.12.2 Pathogenetic Mechanisms
6.12.3 Clinical Characteristics
6.12.4 Diagnosis
6.12.5 Management
6.12.6 Take Home Pearls

6.13 AIDS and Acute Kidney Failure
6.13.1 Epidemiology: Incidence and Risk Factors
6.13.2 Causes
6.13.3 Intrinsic Renal Failure
6.13.4 Underlying Mechanisms
6.13.5 Conclusion
6.13.6 Take Home Pearls

6.14 Acute Kidney Injury in Oncological Disorders and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
6.14.1 Introduction
6.14.2 Negative Impact of AKI on Prognosis for Cancer Patients
6.14.3 Causes of AKI in Cancer Patients
6.14.4 Conclusions
6.14.5 Take Home Pearls

6.15 Kidney Failure Following Cardiovascular Surgery
6.16 Burns and Acute Kidney Failure
6.16.1 Introduction
6.16.2 Pathophysiology of Burns
6.16.3 Renal and Electrolyte Abnormalities
6.16.4 Acute Renal Failure
6.16.5 Renal Replacement Therapy in Burn Patients
6.16.6 Take Home Pearls
6.17 Acute Kidney Transplant Failure
6.17.1 Introduction
6.17.2 Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Procedures
6.17.3 Take Home Pearls

6.18 Acute Kidney Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum
6.18.1 Introduction and Scope
6.18.2 Diagnosis
6.18.3 Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome
6.18.4 Thrombotic Microangiopathies
6.18.5 SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
6.18.6 Sepsis
6.18.7 Therapeutic Principles
6.18.8 Prenatal and Obstetric Management
6.18.9 Take Home Pearls
6.19 Acute Kidney Failure in Children
6.19.1 Introduction
6.19.2 Epidemiology
6.19.3 Etiology and Diagnosis
6.19.4 Treatment
6.19.5 Specific Patient Populations
6.19.6 Outcome
6.19.7 Take Home Pearls
Part VII Temporary Replacement of Kidney Function
7.1 Indications to Start Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.2 Principles of Extracorporeal Therapy: Haemodialysis, Haemofiltration and Haemodiafiltration
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 A Brief History of Dialysis
7.2.3 Physiological Principles
7.2.4 Membrane and Dialysers
7.2.5 Dialysis Fluid
7.2.6 The Dialysis Machine
7.2.7 Anticoagulation
7.2.8 Haemodialysis/Filtration Techniques
7.2.9 Adequacy of Dialysis
7.2.10 Take Home Pearls
7.3 Membranes for Dialysis and Hemofiltration
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Classification of Dialysis Membranes
7.3.3 Dialysis Membrane Materials
7.3.4 Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility
7.3.5 Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility and Clinical Outcome
7.3.6 Dialysis Membrane Permeability and Clinical Outcome
7.3.7 Dialysis Membrane Requirements in Acute Renal Failure
7.3.8 Future Trends in Dialysis Membranes: The Bioartificial Kidney
7.3.9 Take Home Pearls
7.4 Dialysates and Substitution Fluids
7.5 Intermittent Hemodialysis
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Operational Characteristics of IHD
7.5.3 Advantages and Limits
7.5.4 Different Modalities
7.5.5 Specificity of IHD Use in ICU
7.5.6 Preferential Indication for IHD
7.5.7 Take Home Pearls
7.6 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Historical Review
7.6.3 CRRT Techniques and Nomenclature
7.6.4 Indications and Timing of Starting CRRT
7.6.5 Nonrenal Indications of CRRT
7.6.6 Complications/Problems
7.6.7 CRRT Versus IRRT
7.6.8 Take Home Pearls
7.7 Extended Daily Dialysis
7.7.1 Extended Dialy Dialysis: Back to the Roots of Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients
7.7.2 What Led to the Revival of EDD in the ICU?
7.7.3 Clinical Experience with EDD Therapy of Critically Ill Patients with AKI
7.7.4 Quantifying the Dose of EDD and Survival with EDD
7.7.5 Technical Modifications of the EDD Technique
7.7.6 The Genius Batch Dialysis System
7.7.7 Removal of Drugs and Toxins
7.7.8 Economic Considerations
7.7.9 EDD: The “Hybrid” Approach in Terms of Techniques and Specialties
7.7.10 Summary and Outlook
7.7.11 Take Home Pearls
7.8 Quantifying the Dose of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.9 Anticoagulation for Acute Dialysis
7.9.1 Introduction
7.9.2 Summary
7.9.3 Take Home Pearls
7.10 Vascular Access for Acute Dialysis
7.10.1 Introduction
7.10.2 How to Choose a CVC for Acute Dialysis?
7.10.3 How to Insert, Care and Manage a Dialysis CVC?
7.10.4 How to Evaluate and to Improve Dialysis CVC Performances?
7.10.5 How to Improve CVC Outcomes in Intensive Care Unit Setting?
7.10.6 Conclusion
7.10.7 Take Home Pearls
7.11 Principles and Practice of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis
7.12 Choosing a Therapy Modality for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
7.12.1 Introduction
7.12.2 The “Evidence-Base”: Clinical Studies Comparing Outcomes of CRRT and IRRT
7.12.3 The Clinical Choice of Treatment Modalities
7.12.4 Diffusive Versus Convective Treatment Strategies
7.12.5 Take Home Pearls
7.13 Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy in Children
7.13.1 Introduction
7.13.2 Peritoneal Dialysis
7.13.3 Intermittent Hemodialysis
7.13.4 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
7.13.5 Summary/Conclusions
7.13.6 Take Home Pearls
7.14 Stopping Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.14.1 Introduction
7.14.2 Take Home Pearls
Part VIII Extracorporeal Therapies for Nonrenal Indications
8.1 Extracorporeal Therapies and Immunomodulation During Sepsis
8.2 Extracorporeal Liver Support
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Artificial Liver Support
8.2.3 Bioartificial Liver Support
8.2.4 Discussion
8.2.5 Take Home Pearls
8.3 Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Criteria and Considerations for Extracorporeal Therapy
8.3.3 Principles of Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins
8.3.4 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemodialysis
8.3.5 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration
8.3.6 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemoperfusion
8.3.7 Extracorporeal Modalities – Peritoneal Dialysis
8.3.8 Extracorporeal Modalities – Plasma Exchange and Exchange Transfusion
8.3.9 Specific Drugs/Poisons
8.3.10 Take Home Pearls
Subject Index

Book Details

• Hardcover: 681 pages
• Publisher: Springer; 1st edition (February 19, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 3540694137
• ISBN-13: 978-3540694137
• Product Dimensions: 10.5 x 7.9 x 1.4 inches

List Price: $219.00 

Schrier: Manual of Nephrology: Diagnosis and Therapy 7th edition

The seventh edition of the Manual of Nephrology continues to focus on the practical clinical aspects of the diagnosis and management of patients with electrolyte and acid-base disorders, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, acute or chronic renal failure, hypertension, hypertension and renal disease in pregnancy, and drug dosing with renal impairment. Because of the growing number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), separate chapters are now included on treatment by chronic renal replacement therapy with dialysis and kidney transplantation. The Manual of Nephrology should continue to be of excellent clinical value for those caregivers encountering patients with the above disorders. This would include house officers, medical students, primary care physicians, nephrology fellows, nurse practitioners, and busy subspecialists outside of nephrology.

Book Description 
Now in its Seventh Edition, this best-selling Spiral® Manual is a practical quick-reference guide to the diagnosis and treatment of renal disorders. The book covers all common renal problems in a user-friendly outline format designed for rapid information retrieval. Coverage includes acute and chronic kidney diseases, fluid and electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbances, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and hypertension.
Highlights of this Seventh Edition include updated information on kidney disease in diabetes. A chapter on drug dosing in patients with renal impairment provides specific recommendations for over 500 drugs.

Contents 

• Chapter 1 The Edematous Patient: Cardiac Failure, Cirrhosis, and Nephrotic Syndrome
• Chapter 2 The Patient with Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
• Chapter 3 The Patient with Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia
• Chapter 4 The Patient with an Acid-Base Disorder
• Chapter 5 The Patient with Disorders of Serum Calcium and Phosphate
• Chapter 6 The Patient with Kidney Stones
• Chapter 7 The Patient With Urinary Tract Infection
• Chapter 891 The Patient With Hematuria, Proteinuria, or Both, and Abnormal Findings on Urinary Microscopy
• Chapter 9 The Patient With Glomerulonephritis Or Vasculitis
• Chapter 10 The Patient With Acute Renal Failure
• Chapter 11 The Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chapter 12 The Patient Receiving Chronic Renal Replacement With Dialysis
• Chapter 13 The Patient With A Kidney Transplant
• Chapter 14 The Patient With Kidney Disease And Hypertension In Pregnancy
• Chapter 15 The Patient With Hypertension
• Chapter 16 Practical Guidelines For Drug Dosing In Patients With Impaired Kidney Function

Book Details

• Paperback: 336 pages
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Seventh edition (October 24, 2008)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0781796199
• ISBN-13: 978-0781796194 
• Product Dimensions: 8.3 x 5.3 x 0.8 inches

List Price: $66.95

Primer on Kidney Diseases 5th edition: Expert Consult - Online and Print

The goal of this fifth edition of the Primer is the same as that of the first: to provide a comprehensive but accessible summary of kidney and electrolyte disorders suitable for students, residents, fellows, and practitioners. Again, authors were asked to provide a consensus view of the topic, and the chapters were each read by at least two editors to assure balance and uniformity of coverage. An updated list of key references rather than detailed citations follows the text of each chapter. While the depth of coverage and intended readership of the book have not changed, Nephrology surely has.
A comparison of this edition of the Primer with the first, published in 1993, gives a snapshot of how the substance of and even its lexicon have changed in the last fifteen years. In the first two editions, the chapter on progression of chronic kidney disease (chronic renal failure then) included a figure illustrating several phases of declining function linked to a curve showing the hyperbolic relationship between serum creatinine and GFR. Terms like chronic renal insufficiency and renal failure were widely used, with meaning and import that varied with the chapter and context. Not until the fourth edition in 2005 was Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) staging introduced. Much copy editing was required during the preparation of that edition to bring the Primer into compliance with the new and more precise terminology for reduced kidney function and CKD that is now widely accepted. Stratification and stage specific management have become routine features of the care of patients with progressive kidney damage.

In this edition, the Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-Endstage (RIFLE) classification of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Outcome makes its debut even as we struggle with what to do with terms like Acute Renal Failure (ARF). Perhaps by the time of the next edition, we will learn how this standardized approach to severity of injury, hopefully combined with the use of new biomarkers of early injury, change the approach to detection, prevention, and treatment of AKI. Understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of structural kidney disease has expanded remarkably. The first edition did not discuss causes of hereditary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
In the fourth edition, a new chapter summarizing in one place the emerging of the genetic basis of structural kidney disease appeared. When selecting what to include in the current edition, superb chapter because the field had already outgrown it. Instead, the now well-established gene defects are included in the chapters on individual disorders. This decision recognizes that the genetic defects have become essential to an understanding of the pathophysiology of FSGS like many other structural disorders. The chapter on polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in the first edition was largely descriptive, although mention was made of the recently discovered PKD gene.
This edition discusses the gene products of the two PKD genes in detail and explains how their absence contributes to cyst formation. The chapter describes the potentially useful interventions being tested or soon to be tested in clinical trials. This edition introduces readers to the specific vasopressin receptor antagonists, the first truly new treatment of hyponatremia in a generation, although we don't know yet how best to employ these aquaretic agents. The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition in limiting progression of CKD has been proven. CKD and are now known to be prominent and independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but we still need to learn how best to intervene. One could go on and on. Of course, the book is not a history. Most readers will use it as an updated reference on pathophysiology and for help with clinical problems. The essence of a primer is brevity. The and authors have kept these goals in mind throughout the preparation of the Primer.

Book Details

• Paperback: 624 pages
• Publisher: Saunders; 5th edition
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1416051856
• ISBN-13: 978-1416051855
• Product Dimensions: 10.9 x 8.5 x 0.9 inches

List Price: $93.95