Woolley: A Guide to Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk 2nd Edition

The first edition of this book arose out of my perception that there is a large amount of toxicology lore that is widely accepted as fact and used in toxicological reports, but is not supported by easily accessible references. I also felt that there was a need for a practical, user-friendly introductory text for those coming to toxicology from related fields or professions, and who need some insight into how toxicity studies and investigations are carried out. I thought that the book should be informative but readable and should also act as a gateway to the subject, indicating where further information can be found, including the use of websites for literature searches and other areas, such as regulations and guidelines.

The book is set out as a guide on how to evaluate toxicity and then how to handle and use the data that are generated. After an introduction to the concepts of toxicology, the book takes the reader through the processes of toxicity testing and interpretation before looking at the concepts of hazard prediction and risk assessment and management. Two final chapters look at the evaluation of different chemical classes and at the future of toxicity testing and risk assessment. The audience for this book includes, new graduates starting careers in toxicology, those coming to the subject from different fields, and specialists in particular areas of toxicology who need some background on the other areas.

It is inevitable that as soon as a book hits the shelves (or screens), it will go out-of-date and the pressures of wanting to be up-to-date must be balanced against those to finish the manuscript on time. Suffice it to say that I was aware that the first edition lacked some areas that needed to be addressed, such as safety pharmacology, and would certainly need to be updated if ever a second edition became necessary. Accordingly, this new edition includes two entirely new chapters, one on safety pharmacology and one on the evaluation of different chemical classes. The chapter on alternatives has been completely rewritten and all the others have been reviewed and revised to a greater or lesser extent. The glossary has been expanded slightly and the index has been improved.

I acknowledge that there was some bias toward pharmaceuticals in the first edition in the treatment of the various subject areas. As I am largely a pharmaceutical toxicologist, this bias is still present to some extent; but I have attempted to write the book such that toxicologists in all areas of chemical evaluation may benefit from it. The basic principles of toxicology are common to all areas, whether you are evaluating pharmaceuticals or industrial chemicals. The main differences are in the regulatory guidelines addressed and in the philosophy required in each area; these differences are addressed in the new chapter on different chemical classes.

Throughout the book, words like “may,” “could,” and “however” appear frequently; this is tacit recognition that there are few certainties in life beyond the single gold standard that wherever a statement is made there will be someone to disagree with it. As with any walk of life, if a situation is seen as black and white, it simply means that the intervening shades of grey have not been discovered or are not understood. This is particularly true for any aspect or judgment or interpretation; differing opinions between toxicologists, especially toxicological pathologists, can be extremely frustrating for anyone needing a definitive answer to a question of safety. Getting a decision wrong in toxicology can be associated with far reaching adverse effects and with consequent litigation or (politically far worse) loss of votes. For this reason, toxicologists (especially those in regulatory agencies) tend to be conservative in their opinions; this is not necessarily a bad thing. However, conservatism is made more likely by poor, incomplete, or poorly understood data or results, which may lead to imposition of inappropriately restrictive exposure limits.

As I said in the preface to the first edition, the vastness of the subject means that this book cannot hope to be detailed or complete, for reasons of brevity and time. In view of this, the intention is to provide a basis of knowledge—a series of pointers—which can be expanded through use of the bibliography and references given. There are many different ways of achieving an objective in toxicological study and evaluation, and this book cannot pretend to address them all or to be absolutely definitive in any one area. Toxicologists are known for their differences in opinions and I am (still) just another opinionated toxicologist.

Toxicology is a dynamic subject with unique relevance to the public and, as a result, places heavy responsibility on the people who practice it, those who register or accredit toxicologists, and those who regulate or manage it. The future of toxicology is assured; the means of its future investigation is changing and it behoves us to think about what we are doing or what we are asking toxicologists to do (or, more importantly, not to do). As toxicologists, we should do nothing without thought, without considering the impact of our actions on the animals we use, on the public, or a host of other stakeholders. In many ways, if I cause the reader to think more about toxicology and its importance and impact on this world, I will have achieved one of my unwritten objectives.

- The Author -

 

Contents
1. Introduction to Toxicology: The Necessity of Measurement

• Introduction
• The Beginnings of Toxicological Measurement
• Toxicology and Toxicity Defined
• It is Natural So It Must be Safe - Everyday Toxicological Conundrums
• Natural Medicines and Poisons
• General Objectives of Toxicological Study
• Nature and Outcome of Toxic Reactions
• Cellular Basis and Consequences of Toxic Change
• Expression of Toxicity
• Target Organ Expression of Toxicity
• The Necessity for Toxicological Assessment
• Ethics of Toxicological Assessment
• The Three Rs: Reduce, Refine, and Replace

2. Normality: Definition and Maintenance

• Introduction
• What is Normality?
• Normality as a Range
• Experimental Normality
• Protocol Design and Procedure as Sources of Abnormality
• Control Groups as Normality
• Establishing and Maintaining Normality in Experimental Groups
• Baseline Data and Historical Controls

3. Determination of Toxicity: The Basic Principles

• Circumstances of Toxicity Testing
• Effects Sought in Toxicity Studies
• Basic Principles of Toxicological Investigation
• Toxicokinetic Design
• Regulatory Framework and Influences
• Regulation of Study Conduct - Good Laboratory Practice

4. Determination of Toxicity: In Vitro and Alternatives

• Introduction
• Rationale for In Vitro Toxicology
• How and When to Use In Vitro or Alternative Techniques
• Considerations in Screening Program Design
• Areas of Use of In Vitro Toxicology
• Considerations in the Development of In Vitro Tests
• Validation of In Vitro Methods
• Test Systems and Endpoints
• Toxicity in Silico
• Computer Prediction Systems
• Target Organ Toxicity
• Functional Toxicity Testing
• Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology In Vitro
• Metabolism
• Kinetics
• Toxicity Testing
• Carcinogenicity
• Reproductive Toxicity
• Irritation and Corrosion
• Phototoxicity
• Ecotoxicology
• Pitfalls in In Vitro Toxicology
• Future Utility
• Overview

5. Safety Pharmacology

• Introduction
• General Principles
• Tests to be Conducted
• What to Test?
• Design
• Test Systems for Safety Pharmacology
• Safety Pharmacology in Toxicity Studies
• Tests and Their Conduct
• Pitfalls of Safety Pharmacology Studies
• Overview

6. Determination: General and Reproductive Toxicology

• General Toxicology
• Test Systems for General Toxicology
• Study Designs in General Toxicology
• Examinations for Specific Toxicities
• Pitfalls in General Toxicology
• Reproductive Toxicology
• Study Designs for Reproductive Toxicology
• Pitfalls in Reproductive Toxicology

7. Determination: Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity

• Genotoxicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Pitfalls in Carcinogenicity Studies

8. Determination: Dermal Toxicity - Sensitization, Irritation, and Corrosion

• Introduction
• General Principles of Dermal Toxicology
• Factors in Dermal Toxicity
• Test Systems
• Study Design and Parameters Measured
• Sensitization
• Pitfalls in Irritation and Sensitization

9. Determination: Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

• Introduction
• Relevance of Environmental Assessment to Chemical Development
• General Principles of Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
• Pollution, Routes of Entry, and Environmental ADME
• Factors in Testing for Environmental Effect
• Test Systems and Study Types for Ecotoxicology
• Environmental Assessment of Agrochemicals
• Environmental Assessment of Pharmaceuticals
• Pitfalls in Environmental Toxicology

10. Interpretation: Basic Principles

• Introduction
• Steps in Interpretation
• Use of Background Data in Interpretation
• Statistics and Significance in Toxicology
• Assessing Exposure
• The Reality of Difference - The Interpretation of Small Differences
• The Reproducibility of Difference
• Overview of Interpretation

11. Interpretation: Different Data Types

• Individual Data Sets
• Safety Pharmacology
• General Toxicology
• Morphological Pathology
• Reproductive Toxicology
• Genotoxicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
• Case Studies
• The Fundamentals of Interpretation

12. Prediction of Hazard

• Introduction
• Principles of Prediction
• Steps in the Prediction Process
• Factors for Consideration in Prediction
• Prediction from Minimal Databases
• Computer Models for Toxicity Prediction
• Prediction for Individuals
• Prediction Summary

13. Background to Risk Due to Toxicity

• Introduction
• Overview of Risk Analysis
• Levels of Risk and Factors That Affect Risk
• Summary

14. Risk Assessment in Practice and Setting Exposure Limits

• Introduction
• Risk Assessment as a Process
• Data Quality
• Data Selection for Risk Assessment
• Single Effect Versus General Risk Assessment
• Tools and Models in Risk Assessment
• Target Population, Dose, and Exposure
• Process and Factors in Risk Assessment
• Setting Safety Factors and Margins
• Exposure Limits
• Dose Level Selection for Starting Risk Assessment
• Setting Exposure Limits
• Summary

15. Risk Assessment and Management in theWorkplace

• Introduction
• The Historical and Regulatory Background
• Classification and Exposure Limits
• Factors in Workplace Risk Assessment
• Workplace Risk Assessment
• Workplace Exposure Assessment
• Risk Management in the Workplace
• Overview

16. Risk Assessment: Carcinogenicity, The Environment, Evolution, and Overview of Risk Assessment

• Introduction
• Notes on Risk Assessment and Carcinogenicity
• Notes on Risk Assessment and The Environment
• International Management of Environmental Risks
• The Evolution of Risk Assessment
• Overview of Risk Assessment

17. Evaluation of Specific Classes of Chemical

• Regulatory Influences
• The Basic Toxicity Test Package
• Human Pharmaceuticals
• Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
• Medical Devices
• Agrochemicals/Plant Protection Products
• Biocides
• Cosmetics
• General and Industrial Chemicals—Reach
• Overview

18. The Future of Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment

• Introduction
• Challenges for Toxicology
• Challenge for Risk Assessment and Management
• Influences on Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment
• Utility of Animal Experiments in Risk Assessment
• Development of New Test Methods and Models
• In Vitro Toxicology and the Future
• Toxicology in Silico
• The Future of Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment

Appendix: Useful Websites

Bibliography

Select Glossary

Index

About the Author

ADAM WOOLLEY is Director and Consultant Toxicologist, ForthTox Limited, Linlithgow, UK. He received his M.Sc. in Biochemistry from London University, London, UK. Mr. Woolley is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK, where he is an examiner in toxicology and is also a board member and Diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology. He is an Honorary Consultant at the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Manchester University, Manchester and is a member of the British Toxicology Society and US Society of Toxicology. With over thirty five years of experience, including eighteen years in contract research and nine years in the pharmaceutical industry, Mr. Woolley is an expert in pharmaceutical development, including proteins and gene therapy agents, agrochemicals, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. He has conducted numerous toxicity studies, reviewed reports, and data packages, and is the author of the First Edition of Informa Healthcare’s A Guide to Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction, and Risk.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 472 pages
• Publisher: CRC; 2 edition (July 26, 2008)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1420043145
• ISBN-13: 978-1420043143
• Product Dimensions: 9.1 x 6.2 x 1.1 inches

List Price: $69.95 

 

Hodgson: A Textbook of Modern Toxicology 4th Edition

There are some excellent general reference works in toxicology, including Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 6th edition, edited by Curt Klaassen, and the 13 - volume Comprehensive Toxicology, the second edition currently being edited by Charlene McQueen, as well as many specialized monographs on particular topics. However, the scarcity of textbooks designed for teacher and student to use in the classroom setting that impelled us to produce editions 1 through 3 of this work is still apparent and the choice continues to be limited. The authors are, or have been, involved in teaching general toxicology at North Carolina State University and thus have insights into the actual teaching process and in the broader scope of toxicology as well as the subject matter of their areas of specialization.

Rapid advances are occurring in toxicology, particularly in the molecular and integrative aspects, and we hope these are refl ected in this textbook. As an aid to students and teaching faculty, we have added sample questions to each chapter. Answering these questions not only indicates that the material presented has been understood but is, in itself, a learning experience.

At North Carolina State University, we continue to teach a course in general toxicology (TOX801) that is open to graduate students and undergraduate upperclassmen. Our experience leads us to believe that this textbook is suitable, in the junior or senior year, for undergraduate students with some background in chemistry, biochemistry, and animal physiology. For graduate students, it is intended to lay the foundation for subsequent specialized courses in toxicology, such as those in biochemical and molecular toxicology, environmental toxicology, chemical carcinogenesis, risk assessment, and so forth.

We share the view that an introductory text must present all of the necessary fundamental information to fulfill this purpose, but in as uncomplicated a manner as possible. To enhance readability, references have been omitted from the text, although Suggested Reading or Bibliography is recommended at the end of each chapter.

As with previous editions, the amount of material and the detail with which some of it is presented, is more than is needed for the average general toxicology course. This, however, will permit each instructor to select and emphasize those areas they feel need particular emphasis. The obvious biochemical and molecular bias of some chapters is not accidental; rather, it is based on the philosophy that progress in toxicology continues to depend on further understanding of the fundamental basis of toxic action at the cellular and molecular levels. The depth of coverage of each topic represents that chapter author's judgment of the amount of material appropriate to the beginning level as compared to that appropriate to a more advanced course or text such as Smart and Hodgson, Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, 4th edition (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).

- The Authors -

Key Features

• Adds chapters on new approaches to toxicology: molecular methods (-omics: toxicogenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), bioinformatics, and systems biology.
• Now featured in the Fourth Edition are end-of-chapter questions.
• Provides a very thorough, concise and up-to-date summary of the most important topics within the toxicology field.
• Presents the interdisciplinary nature of toxicological studies.
• Continues from prior editions with coverage of basic concepts in toxicology and adds chapters on molecular methods (-omics: toxicogenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), bioinformatics, and systems biology.
• Includes end-of-chapter questions.
• Online Solutions Manual available for academic adopters.
• Does not require an extensive background in anatomy and physiology.

Contents

PART I Introduction.

1 Introduction to Toxicology (Ernest Hodgson).

• 1.1 Definition and Scope.
• 1.2 Relationship to Other Sciences.
• 1.3 A Brief History of Toxicology.
• 1.4 Dose-Response Relationships.
• 1.5 Sources of Toxic Compounds.
• 1.6 Movement of Toxicants in the Environment.

2 Introduction to Biochemical and Molecular Methods in Toxicology (Ernest Hodgson, Gerald A. LeBlanc, Sharon A. Meyer and Robert C. Smart).

• 2.1 Introduction.
• 2.2 Cell Culture Techniques.
• 2.3 Molecular Techniques.
• 2.4 Immunochemical Techniques.
• 2.5 Proteomics.
• 2.6 Metabolomics.
• 2.7 Bioinformatics.
• 2.8 Summary and Conclusions.

PART II Classes of Toxicants.

3 Exposure Classes, Toxicants in Air, Water, Soil, Domestic and Occupational Settings (W. Gregory Cope).

• 3.1 Air Pollutants.
• 3.2 Water and Soil Pollutants.
• 3.3 Occupational Toxicants.

4 Classes of Toxicants: Use Classes (W. Gregory Cope and Ernest Hodgson).

• 4.1 Introduction.
• 4.2 Metals.
• 4.3 Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides).
• 4.4 Food Additives and Contaminants.
• 4.5 Toxins.
• 4.6 Solvents.
• 4.7 Therapeutic Drugs.
• 4.8 Drugs of Abuse.
• 4.9 Combustion Products.
• 4.10 Cosmetics.

PART III Toxicant Processing In Vivo.

5 Absorption and Distribution of Toxicants (Ronald E. Baynes and Ernest Hodgson).

• 5.1 Introduction.
• 5.2 Cell Membranes.
• 5.3 Mechanisms of Transport.
• 5.4 Physicochemical Properties Relevant to Diffusion.
• 5.5 Routes of Absorption.
• 5.6 Toxicant Distribution.
• 5.7 Toxicokinetics.

6 Metabolism of Toxicants (Ernest Hodgson and Randy L. Rose).

• 6.1 Introduction.
• 6.2 Phase I Reactions.
• 6.3 Phase II Reactions.

7 Reactive Metabolites (Ernest Hodgson and Randy L. Rose).

• 7.1 Introduction.
• 7.2 Activation Enzymes.
• 7.3 Nature and Stability of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.4 Fate of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.5 Factors Affecting Toxicity of Reactive Metabolites.
• 7.6 Reactive Oxygen Species.
• 7.7 Examples of Activating Reactions.
• 7.8 Summary and Conclusions.

8 Chemical and Physiological Influences on Xenobiotic Metabolism (Andrew D. Wallace and Ernest Hodgson).

• 8.1 Introduction.
• 8.2 Nutritional Effects.
• 8.3 Physiological Effects.
• 8.4 Comparative and Genetic Effects.
• 8.5 Chemical Effects.
• 8.6 Environmental Effects.
• 8.7 Summary and Conclusions.

9 Elimination of Toxicants (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 9.1 Introduction.
• 9.2 Transport.
• 9.3 Renal Elimination.
• 9.4 Hepatic Elimination.
• 9.5 Respiratory Elimination.
• 9.6 Conclusion.

PART IV Toxic Action.

10 Acute Toxicity (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 10.1 Introduction.
• 10.2 Acute Exposure and Effect.
• 10.3 Dose-Response Relationships.
• 10.4 Non-Conventional Dose–Response Relationships.
• 10.5 Alternative Methods.
• 10.6 Mechanisms of Acute Toxicity.

11 Chemical Carcinogenesis (Robert C. Smart).

• 11.1 DNA Damage and Mutagenesis.
• 11.2 General Aspects of Cancer.
• 11.3 Human Cancer.
• 11.4 Classes of Agents That Are Associated with Carcinogenesis.
• 11.5 General Aspects of Chemical Carcinogenesis.
• 11.6 Oncogenes.
• 11.7 Tumor Suppressor Genes.

12 Teratogenesis (Jill A. Barnes and Ida M. Washington).

• 12.1 Introduction.
• 12.2 Overview of Embryonic Development.
• 12.3 Principles of Teratogenesis.
• 12.4 Mechanisms of Teratogenesis.
• 12.5 Future Considerations.

PART V Organ Toxicity.

13 Hepatotoxicity (Andrew D. Wallace and Sharon A. Meyer).

• 13.1 Introduction.
• 13.2 Susceptibility of the Liver.
• 13.3 Types of Liver Injury.
• 13.4 Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity.
• 13.5 Examples of Hepatotoxicants.
• 13.6 Metabolic Activation of Hepatotoxicants.

14 Nephrotoxicity (Joan B. Tarloff and Andrew D. Wallace).

• 14.1 Introduction.
• 14.2 Factors Contributing to Nephrotoxicity.
• 14.3 Examples of Nephrotoxicants.
• 14.4 Summary.

15 Toxicology of the Nervous System (Bonita L. Blake).

• 15.1 Introduction.
• 15.2 The Nervous System.
• 15.3 Toxicant Effects on the Nervous System.
• 15.4 Neurotoxicity Testing.
• 15.5 Summary.

16 Reproductive System (Heather Patisaul).

• 16.1 Introduction.
• 16.2 The-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.
• 16.3 Male Reproductive Physiology.
• 16.4 Disruption of Male Reproduction by Toxicants.
• 16.5 Female Reproductive Physiology.
• 16.6 Disruption of Female Reproduction by Toxicants.
• 16.7 Summary.

17 Endocrine Toxicology (Gerald A. LeBlanc).

• 17.1 Introduction.
• 17.2 Endocrine System.
• 17.3 Endocrine Disruption.
• 17.4 Incidents of Endocrine Toxicity.
• 17.5 Conclusion.

18 Respiratory Toxicity (James C. Bonner).

• 18.1 Introduction.
• 18.2 Anatomy and Function of the Respiratory Tract.
• 18.3 Toxicant-Induced Lung Injury, Remodeling and Repair.
• 18.4 Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases.

19 Immune System (MaryJane K. Selgrade).

• 19.1 Introduction.
• 19.2 The Immune System.
• 19.3 Immune Suppression.
• 19.4 Classification of Immune-Mediated Injury (Hypersensitivity).
• 19.5 Effects of Chemicals on Allergic Disease.
• 19.6 Other Issues: Autoimmunity, and the Developing Immune System.

PART VI Applied Toxicology.

20 Toxicity Testing (Ernest Hodgson and Helen Cunny).

• 20.1 Introduction.
• 20.2 Experimental Administration of Toxicants.
• 20.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.
• 20.4 Exposure and Environmental Fate.
• 20.5 In Vivo Tests.
• 20.6 In Vitro and Other Short-Term Tests.
• 20.7 Ecological Effects.
• 20.8 Risk Analysis.
• 20.9 The Future of Toxicity Testing.

21 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology (Sharon A. Meyer and Bonita L. Blake).

• 21.1 Introduction.
• 21.2 Forensic Toxicology.
• 21.3 Clinical Toxicology.
• 21.4 Analytical Methods in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology.

22 Prevention of Toxicity (Ernest Hodgson).

• 22.1 Introduction.
• 22.2 Legislation and Regulation.
• 22.3 Prevention in Different Environments.
• 22.4 Education.

23 Human Health Risk Assessment (Ronald E. Baynes).

• 23.1 Introduction.
• 23.2 Risk Assessment Methods.
• 23.3 Noncancer Risk Assessment.
• 23.4 Cancer Risk Assessment.
• 23.5 PBPK Modeling.

Part VII Environmental Toxicology.

24 Toxicant Analysis (Chris Hofelt).

• 24.1 Introduction.
• 24.2 Environmental Sample Collection Methods.
• 24.3 Analytical Techniques.
• 24.4 Quantification, QA and QC.
• 24.5 Summary.

25 Basics of Environmental Toxicology (Gerald A. LeBlanc and David B. Buchwalter).

• 25.1 Introduction.
• 25.2 Environmental Persistence.
• 25.3 Bioaccumulation.
• 25.4 Toxicity.
• 25.5 Conclusion.

26 Transport and Fate of Toxicants in the Environment (Damian Shea).

• 26.1 Introduction.
• 26.2 Sources of Toxicants to the Environment.
• 26.3 Transport Processes.
• 26.4 Equilibrium Partitioning.
• 26.5 Transformation Processes.
• 26.6 Environmental Fate Models.

27 Environmental Risk Assessment (Damian Shea).

• 27.1 Introduction.
• 27.2 Formulating the Problem.
• 27.3 Analyzing Exposure and Effects Information.
• 27.4 Characterizing Risk.
• 27.5 Managing Risk.

Part VIII New Approaches in Toxicology.

28 Perspectives on Informatics in Toxicology (Seth W. Kullman, Carolyn J. Mattingly, Joel N. Meyer and Andrew Whitehead).

• 28.1 Introduction.
• 28.2 Transcriptomics.
• 28.3 Annotation Resources.
• 28.4 Genome Sequencing, Resequencing and Genotyping.
• 28.5 Epigenomic Profiling.
• 28.6 Computational Toxicology.
• 28.7 Informatics Tools in Toxicology.

29 Future Considerations (Ernest Hodgson).

• 29.1 Introduction.
• 29.2 Risk Assessment.
• 29.3 Risk Management.
• 29.4 Risk Communication.
• 29.5 In Vivo Toxicity.
• 29.6 In Vitro Toxicity.
• 29.7 Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology.
• 29.8 Development of Selective Toxicants.
• 29.9 Summary and Conclusions.

Glossary.

Index.

About the Author

• ERNEST HODGSON, PhD, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Toxicology at North Carolina State University. In addition to the previous editions of A Textbook of Modern Toxicology, he coedited Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Fourth Edition (Wiley) and its prior editions. Dr. Hodgson is the Editor of the Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 672 pages
• Publisher: Wiley; 4 edition (June 21, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 047046206X
• ISBN-13: 978-0470462065
• Product Dimensions: 9.9 x 7.1 x 1.4 inches

List Price: $115.00 

 

Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 9th Edition

The most trusted, rigorous, and up-to-date toxicology resource and educational companion available – now in full color 

Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies continues to be the source you can turn to first for any poisoning or overdose. The text provides clear information on every aspect of toxicologic emergencies, from pharmacology to clinical presentation to management. 

Fully referenced and featuring a consistent organization, Goldfrank’s begins with an in-depth examination of general principles of medical toxicology. It then progresses to the biochemical principles and molecular basis of toxicology, and provides detailed insight into how xenobiotics affect vital signs, organs, and systems throughout the body. Next, a wide spectrum of clinically important exposures -- including drugs, plants, metals, household products, occupational and environmental xenobiotics are covered within logical categories for easy access to information. Finally, the book concludes with sections on principles of practicing clinical toxicology in today’s challenging healthcare environment.

New to this edition

• Full-color design and uniformly drawn figures clarify key concepts.
• Special Considerations focus on decision-making in unique toxicologic circumstances, that influence clinical practice and have the potential to improve patient care.
• Antidotes in Depth, following pertinent chapters, place each antidote in its proper context to ensure immediate availability of essential information relevant for clinical use.
• More clinically-relevant figures and quick-reference tables.
• Online learning center, available at www.goldfrankstoxicology.com, includes case studies, and a database of multiple choice questions that allow you to create a custom test for review and study.
• Every chapter is thoroughly rewritten and new chapters are added to reflect the very latest thinking in the field.

Contents

• 1. Historical Principles and Perspectives
• 2. Toxicologic Plagues and Disasters in History

PART A: The general approach to medical toxicology

• 3. Initial Evaluation of the Patient: Vital Signs and Toxic Syndromes
• 4. Principles of Managing the Acutely Poisoned or Overdosed Patient
• 5. Diagnostic Imaging
• 6. Laboratory Principles
• 7. Techniques Used to Prevent Gastrointestinal Absorption
• 8. Pharmacokinetic and Toxicokinetic Principles
• 9. Principles and Techniques Applied to Enhance Elimination
• 10. Use of The Intensive Care Unit

PART B: The fundamental principles of medical toxicology

Section 1: Biochemical and Molecular Basis

• 11. Chemical Principles
• 12. Biochemical and Metabolic Principles
• 13. Neurotraansmitters and Neuromodulators
• 14. Withdrawal Principles

Section 2: Pathophysiologic Basis: Organ Systems

• 15. Thermoregulatory Principles
• 16. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Based Principles
• 17. Psychiatric Principles
• 18. Neurologic Principles
• 19. Ophthalmic Principles
• 20. Otolaryngologic Principles
• 21. Respiratory Principles
• 22. Electrophysiologic and Electrocardiographic Principles
• 23. Hemodynamic Principles
• 24. Hematologic Principles
• 25. Gastrointestinal Principles
• 26. Hepatic Principles
• 27. Renal Principles
• 28. Genitourinary Principles
• 29. Dermatologic Principles

Section 3: Special Populations

• 30. Reproductive and Perinatal Principles
• 31. Pediatric Principles
• 32. Geriatric Principles
• 33. Postmortem Toxicology

PART C: The clinical basis of medical toxicology

Section 1: Case Studies

A. Analgesics and Antiinflammatory Medications

• 34. Acetaminophen
• 35. Salicylates
• 36. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
• 37. Colchicine, Podophyllin, and the Vinca Alkoloids
• 38. Opioids

B. Foods, Dietary and Nutritional Agents

• 39. Dieting Agents and Regimens
• 40. Iron
• 41. Vitamins
• 42. Essential Oils
• 43. Herbal Preparations
• 44. Athletic Performance Enhancers
• 45. Food Poisoning
• 46. Botulism

C. Pharmaceuticals

• 47. Anticonvulsants
• A9. L-Carnitine
• 48. Antidiabetics and Hypoglycemics
• 49. Thyroid and Antithyroid Medications
• 50. Antihistamines and Decongestants
• 51. Antimigraine Medications
• 52. Antineoplastics Overview
• 53. Antineoplastics: Methotrexate
• 54. Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
• 55. Pharmaceutical Additives

D. Antimicrobials

• 56. Antibacterials, Antifungals, and Antivirals
• 57. Antituberculous Medications
• 58. Antimalarials

E. Cardiopulmonary Medications

• 59. Anticoagulants
• 60. Calcium Channel Blockers
• 61. B-Adrenergic Antagonists
• 62. Other Antihypertensives
• 63. Antidysrhythmics
• 64. Cardioactive Steroids
• 65. Methylxanthines and Selective B2 Adrenergic Agonists

F. Anesthetics and Related Medications

• 66. Local Anesthetics
• 67. Inhalational Anesthetics
• 68. Neuromuscular Blockers

G. Psychotropic Medications

• 69. Antipsychotics
• 70. Lithium
• 71. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• 72. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Atypical Antidepressants
• 73. Cyclic Antidepressants
• 74. Sedative-Hynotics

H. Substances of Abuse

• 75. Amphetamines
• 76. Cocaine
• 77. Ethanol
• 78. Ethanol Withdrawal
• 79. Disulfiram and Disulfiram-Like Reactions
• 80. Y-Hydroxybutyric Acid
• 81. Inhalants
• 82. Hallucinogens
• 83. Cannabinoids
• 84. Nicotine
• 85. Phencyclidine and Ketamine
• 86. Aluminum

I. Metals

• 87. Antimony
• 88. Arsenic
• 89. Bismuth
• 90. Cadmium
• 91. Chromium
• 92. Cobalt
• 93. Copper
• 94. Lead
• 95. Manganese
• 96. Mercury
• 97. Nickel
• 98. Selenium
• 99. Silver
• 100. Thallium
• 101. Zinc

J. Household Products

• 102. Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Sterilants
• 103. Camphor and Moth Repellents
• 104. Caustics
• 105. Hydrofluoric Acid and Fluorides
• 106. Hydrocarbons
• 107. Toxic Alcohols

K. Pesticides

• 108. Pesticides: An Overview with a Focus on Principles and Rodenticides
• 109. Barium
• 110. Sodium Monofluoroacetate and Fluroacetamide
• 111. Phosphorus
• 112. Strychnine
• 113. Insecticides: Organic Phosphorus Compounds and Carbamates
• 114. Insecticides: Organic Chlorines, Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids, and Insect Repellents,
• 115. Herbicides
• 116. Methyl Bromide and Other Fumigants

L. Natural Toxins and Envenomations

• 117. Mushrooms
• 118. Plants
• 119. Arthropods
• 120. Marine Envenomations
• 121. Snakes and Other Reptiles

M. Occupational and Environmental Toxins

• 122. Industrial Poisoning: Information and Control
• 123. Nanotoxicology
• 124. Simple Asphyxiants and Pulmonary Irritants
• 125. Carbon Monoxide
• 126. Cyanide Andhydrogen Sulfide
• 127. Methemoglobin Inducers
• 128. Smoke Inhalation

N. Disaster Preparedness

• 129. Risk Assessment and Risk Communications
• 130. Hazmat Incident Response
• 131. Chemical Weapons
• 132. Biological Weapons
• 133. Radiation

Section 2: Poison Centers and Epidemiology

• 134. Poison Prevention and Education
• 135. Poison Centers and Poison Epidemiology
• 136. International Perspectives on Toxicology
• 137. Principles of Epidemiology and Research Design
• 138. Adverse Drug Events and Postmarketing Surveillance
• 139. Medication Safety and Adverse Drug Events
• 140. Risk Management and Legal Principles

Index

About the Authors

• Lewis S. Nelson, MD, FAACT, FACEP, FACMT, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University, Langone Medical Center; Director, Fellowship in Medical Toxicology, New York City Poison Center and New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY.
• Neal A. Lewin, MD, FACEP, FACMT, FACP, The Stanley and Fiona Druckenmiller Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine and Medicine (Pharmacology), New York University School of Medicine; Director, Didactic Education, Emergency Medicine Residency; Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Langone Medical Center; Consultant, New York City Poison Center, New York, NY.
• Mary Ann Howland, PHARMD , DABAT, FAACT, Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, St. John’s University, College of Pharmacy; Adjunct Professor of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Langone Medical Center; Senior Consultant in Residence, New York City Poison Center, New York, NY.
• Robert S. Hoffman, MD, FAACT, FACMT, Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine and Medicine (Pharmacology), New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Langone Medical Center; Director, New York City Poison Center, New York, NY.
• Lewis R. Goldfrank, MD, FAAEM, FAACT, FACEP, FACMT, FACP, Herbert W. Adams Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Director, Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Langone Medical Center; Medical Director, New York City Poison Center, New York, NY.
• Neal E. Flomenbaum, MD, FACEP, FACP, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University; Emergency Physician-in-Chief, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center; Consultant, New York City Poison Center, New York, NY.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 1968 pages
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional; 9 edition (July 16, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0071605932
• ISBN-13: 978-0071605939
• Product Dimensions: 11.1 x 8.8 x 2.5 inches

List Price: $259.00

Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology 2nd Edition (Lange)

Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology is an easy-to-absorb distillation of the field’s gold-standard text Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. Presented in full color for the first time, the book combines an accessible and engaging approach with coverage of essential introductory concepts to provide you with a solid grounding in basic and medical toxicology. Succinct, yet comprehensive, the text covers essential principles, toxicokinetics, how toxic effects are passed on to succeeding generations, how each body system responds to poisons, and the specific effects of a wide range of toxic agents – from pesticides to radiation.

Key Features

• A complete basic overview of poisons and their clinical management.
• Reflects the expertise of more than fifty renowned contributors.
• A summary of important points is included at the beginning of each chapter and multiple-choice review questions appear at the conclusion.
• Important chapters on forefront topics such as Analytic/Forensic Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, Occupational Toxicology, Air Pollution, and Ecotoxicology.

Table of contents

Unit 1: General Principles Of Toxicology

• Chapter 1. History and Scope of Toxicology
• Chapter 2. Principles of Toxicology
• Chapter 3. Mechanisms of Toxicity
• Chapter 4. Risk Assessment

Unit 2: Disposition Of Toxicants

• Chapter 5. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants
• Chapter 6. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
• Chapter 7. Toxicokinetics

UNIT 3: Nonorgan-Directed Toxicity

• Chapter 8. Chemical Carcinogenesis
• Chapter 9. Genetic Toxicology
• Chapter 10. Developmental Toxicology

Unit 4: Target Organ Toxicity

• Chapter 11. Toxic Responses of the Blood
• Chapter 12. Toxic Responses of the Immune System
• Chapter 13. Toxic Responses of the Liver
• Chapter 14. Toxic Responses of the Kidney
• Chapter 15. Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System
• Chapter 16. Toxic Responses of the Nervous System
• Chapter 17. Toxic Responses of the Ocular and Visual System
• Chapter 18. Toxic Responses of the Heart and Vascular System
• Chapter 19. Toxic Responses of the Skin
• Chapter 20. Toxic Responses of the Reproductive System
• Chapter 21. Toxic Responses of the Endocrine System 

Unit 5: Toxic Agents

• Chapter 22. Toxic Effects of Pesticides
• Chapter 23. Toxic Effects of Metals
• Chapter 24. Toxic Effects of Solvents and Vapors
• Chapter 25. Toxic Effects of Radiation and Radioactive Materials
• Chapter 26. Toxic Effects of Terrestrial Animal Venoms and Poisons
• Chapter 27. Toxic Effects of Plants, Fungi, and Algae

Unit 6: Environmental Toxicology

• Chapter 28. Air Pollution
• Chapter 29. Ecotoxicology

Unit 7: Applications Of Toxicology

• Chapter 30. Food Toxicology
• Chapter 31. Analytic/Forensic Toxicology
• Chapter 32. Clinical Toxicology
• Chapter 33. Occupational Toxicology

Self-Assessment Questions and Answers
Index

About the Authors

• Curtis D. Klaassen, PhD, University Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
• John B. Watkins, III, PhD, Assistant Dean and Director, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN.

Product Details

• Paperback: 472 pages
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2 edition (July 12, 2010)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0071622403
• ISBN-13: 978-0071622400
• Product Dimensions: 10.9 x 8.5 x 0.9 inches

List Price: $69.95

Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 4th Edition

The fourth edition of Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose is the most current, authoritative, and concise reference for information related to the clinical management of children and adults whose health has been effected or potentially effected by toxic agents, including drugs, environmental threats, and natural toxins.

Key Features

• Presents a comprehensive treatment of poisoning through more than 100 chapters in 10 sections .
• Templated format provides key information in a format that is easy to find and understand.
• International authorship, allowing text to address issues globally as poisoning and drug overdose are worldwide issues.

New to This Edition

• Presents a stunning full-color design which is essential for identifying environmental toxins.
• New chapters on occupational and environmental toxicology.
• Expanded sections on bioterrorism.
• Added three editors who are toxicologists and changed editors for individual chapters.

Contents 

General Information

Part I

Section A Concepts in Medical Toxicology

• 1. The History of Toxicology
• 2. The Emergency Management of Poisoning
• A. A General Approach
• B. Decontamination
• C. Principles of Elimination Enhancement
• D. Hemodialysis and Hemoperfusion
• 3. Laboratory Diagnoses and Drug Screening
• 4. Principles of Pharmacology
• 5. Drug Interactions
• 6. Acid-Base, Fluid, and Electrolyte in Adults
• 7. Forensic Toxicology
• A. General Principles 
• B. Clinical Issues

Section B Effects of Poisoning By Organ System

• 8. Cardiovascular Toxicology
• 9. Pulmonary Toxicology
• 10. Clinical Neurotoxicity
• 11. Hepatic Toxicology
• 12. Renal Toxicology
• A. Acute Renal Toxicity
• B. Chronic Renal Toxicity
• 13. Gastrointestinal Toxicology
• 14. Hematologic Consequences of Poisoning
• 15. Ocular Toxicology
• 16. Endocrine Toxicology

Section C Poisoning in Special Populations

• 17. Management Principles of Overdose in Pregnancy
• 18. Toxicologic Issues in the Neonate
• 19. Toxicologic Issues in the Geriatric Patient
• 20. Childhood Poisonings
• A. Prevention of Childhood Poisonings
• B. Poisoning in Children with Unique Metabolism

Part II

Section A Biologic Toxins

• 21. Venomous Snakes
• A. North America Crotalinae Envenomation 
• B. Elapidae: North American and Selected Non-native Species
• 22. Venomous Arthropods
• A. Spiders 
• B. Scorpions and Stinging Insects
• 23. Mushrooms
• 24. Poisonous Plants
• 25. Toxic Marine Life
• 26. Botulism and Other Food-borne Toxins

Section B Central Nervous System

• 27. Tricyclic and Other Cyclic Antidepressants
• 28. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Other Atypical Antidepressants
• 29. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Serotonin Syndrome
• 30. Lithium
• 31. Ethanol
• 32. Methanol, Ethylene Glycol, and Other Toxic Alcohols
• 33. Opioids
• 34. Sedative Hypnotics
• 35. Benzodiazepines
• 36. Barbiturates
• 37. Muscle Relaxants
• 38. Antipsychotic Agents
• 39. Anticholinergics and Antihistamines
• 40. Anticonvulsants
• 41. Marijuana
• 42. Cocaine
• 43. Dissociative Agents: Phencyclidine, Ketamine, and Dextromethorphan
• 44. Amphetamines and Derivatives
• 45. Hallucinogens
• 46. GHB and Related Compounds

Section C Analgesics

• 47. Acetaminophen
• 48. Salicylates
• 49. The Triptans
• 50. Colchicine
• 51. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Section D Antimicrobial, Chemotherapeutic, and Immunosuppressive Agents

• 52. Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents
• 53. Antiviral Agents
• 54. Anthelmintics
• 55. Isoniazid
• 56. Chemotherapeutic Agents and Thalidomide
• A. Chemotherapeutic Agents
• B. Thalidomide
• 57. Transplant Agents and Other Immunosuppressives

Section E Cardiovascular, Hematologic, and Endocrine Agents

• 58. Digitalis
• 59. Calcium Channel Antagonists
• 60. a-Adrenergic Blocker Toxicity
• 61. Nitroprusside, ACE Inhibitors, and Other Cardiovascular Agents
• 62. Clonidine and Related Imidazoline Derivatives
• 63. Class IA Antiarrhythmics: Quinidine, Procainamide, and Disopyramide
• 64. Diabetic Control Agents
• 65. Theophylline and Caffine
• 66. Anticoagulants
• 67. Thyroid Agent Toxicity

Section F Cams, Nutritionals, and Performance Enhancers

Herbal Medicine and Miscellaneous Agents

• 68. Herbal, Traditional, and Alternative Medicine
• 69. The Vitamins
• 70. Performance Enhancers

Section G Toxic Metals and Minerals

• 71. Mercury: Heavy Metals and Inorganic Agents
• 72. Iron
• 73. Lead
• 74. Arsenic and Arsine
• 75. Other Heavy Metals

Section H Pesticides

• 76. That Organophosphates and Carbamates
• 77. Pyrethrins, Repellants and Other Pesticides
• 78. Herbicides
• 79. Rodenticides
• 80. Fumigants
• 81. Organochlorine Insecticides

Section I Environmental, Industrial and Household Product Toxicology

• 82. Occupational Toxicology
• 83. Environmental Toxicology
• 84. Pediatric Environmental Health for Toxicologists
• 85. Common Perceived but Unproven Toxic Syndromes
• 86. Smoke Inhalation
• 87. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• 88. Cyanide and Related Compounds - Sodium Azide
• 89. Isocyanates and Related Compounds
• 90. Hydrofluoric Acid and Other Fluorides
• 91. Hydrogen Sulfide
• 92. Petroleum Distillates and Plant Hydrocarbons
• 93. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• 94. Benzene and Related Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 95. Freon and Other Inhalants
• 96. Halogens (Bromine, Iodine, and Chlorine Compounds)
• 97. Ammonia and Nitrogen Oxides
• 98. Corrosives
• 99. Baby Powder, Borates, and Camphor
• 100. Cosmetics and Toilet Articles
• 101. Essential Oils
• 102. Soaps, Detergents and Bleaches

Section J Disasters and Terrorism

• 103. Principles of Emergency Management and Management of Hazardous Materials Incidents
• 104. Medical Management of Radiation Incidents
• 105. Chemical Weapons

Appendix: Chemical Conversions of Toxicologic Laboratory Values

Index

About the Authors

• Michael W. Shannon, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP, FAACT, FACMT, Chief and CHB Chair, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston; Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 
• Stephen W. Borron, MD, MS, FACEP, FACMT, Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine (Surgery), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Consultant in Toxicology, South Texas Poison Center, San Antonio, TX; Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Medicine, and Occupational and Environmental Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. 
• Michael Burns, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.

Product Details

• Hardcover: 1584 pages
• Publisher: Saunders; 4 edition (May 24, 2007)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0721606938
• ISBN-13: 978-0721606934
• Product Dimensions: 11.1 x 8.8 x 2.3 inches

List Price: $258.00