Description of Primary Skin Lesions
- Macule: A flat, colored lesion, <2 cm in diameter, not raised above the surface of the surrounding skin. A "freckle," or ephelid, is a prototype pigmented macule.
- Patch: A large (>2 cm) flat lesion with a color different from the surrounding skin. This differs from a macule only in size.
- Papule: A small, solid lesion, <0.5 cm in diameter, raised above the surface of the surrounding skin and hence palpable (e.g., a closed comedone, or whitehead, in acne).
- Nodule: A larger (0.5–5.0 cm), firm lesion raised above the surface of the surrounding skin. This differs from a papule only in size (e.g., a dermal nevomelanocytic nevus).
- Tumor: A solid, raised growth >5 cm in diameter.
- Plaque: A large (>1 cm), flat-topped, raised lesion; edges may either be distinct (e.g., in psoriasis) or gradually blend with surrounding skin (e.g., in eczematous dermatitis).
- Vesicle: A small, fluid-filled lesion, <0.5 cm in diameter, raised above the plane of surrounding skin. Fluid is often visible, and the lesions are translucent [e.g., vesicles in allergic contact dermatitis caused by Toxicodendron (poison ivy)].
- Pustule: A vesicle filled with leukocytes.
- Bulla: A fluid-filled, raised, often translucent lesion >0.5 cm in diameter.
- Wheal: A raised, erythematous, edematous papule or plaque, usually representing short-lived vasodilatation and vasopermeability.
- Telangiectasia: A dilated, superficial blood vessel.
Description of Secondary Skin Lesions
- Lichenification: A distinctive thickening of the skin that is characterized by accentuated skin-fold markings.
- Scale: Excessive accumulation of stratum corneum.
- Crust: Dried exudate of body fluids that may be either yellow (serous) or red (hemorrhagic).
- Erosion: Loss of epidermis without an associated loss of dermis.
- Ulcer: Loss of epidermis and at least a portion of the underlying dermis.
- Excoriation: Linear, angular erosions that may be covered by crust and are caused by scratching.
- Atrophy: An acquired loss of substance. In the skin, this may appear as a depression with intact epidermis or as sites of shiny, delicate, wrinkled lesions.
- Scar: A change in the skin secondary to trauma or inflammation. Sites may be erythematous, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented depending on their age or character. Sites on hair-bearing areas may be characterized by destruction of hair follicles.