This textbook is designed especially for upper-division courses in general parasitology. It emphasizes principles, illustrating them with material on the biology, physiology, morphology, and ecology of the major parasites of humans and domestic animals. We have found that these are of most interest to the majority of students. Other parasites are included as well, when they are of unusual biological interest.
The first three chapters delineate important definitions and principles in evolution, ecology, immunology, and pathology of parasites and parasitic infections. Chapters on specific groups follow, beginning with protozoa and ending with arthropods. Presentation of each group is not predicated on students having first studied groups presented in prior chapters; therefore, the order can vary as an instructor desires. As always we have strived for readability, enhancing words with photographs, drawings, electron micrographs, and tables.
New to this edition
This edition integrates a wealth of new discoveries and literature. Many areas of parasitology are theaters of intense research effort and fruitful results. As always, addition of material compelled us to prune out an equal amount of text and illustrations so as not to increase book length, but we hope that we have been judicious in our reshaping. We have continued to include trenchant quotations at the beginning of each chapter. Well, maybe some of them are not so trenchant. Nevertheless, we hope these observations of pioneering researchers, as well as references to literature and even pop culture, will broaden your view of parasitology. Their curiosity piqued, some readers have asked us for sources of quotations, so we have included these where possible.
The numerous changes in chapter 1 included updating the table on global prevalence of various human parasites. We have retained our section with the light-hearted title of “Parasitology for Fun and Profit” to emphasize how students can earn an income while studying the fascinating world of parasites. We are including some URLs for the World Wide Web because many students enjoy taking advantage of those resources. Concepts in chapters 2 and 3 are briefly covered, but the book. Chapter 2 has been further reorganized. Our increased emphasis on molecular systematics and on cladistics has been retained, and we provide some examples here and a plethora of examples in chapters to follow. Propelled in large measure by modern molecular methods, immunologists continue their torrent of discoveries. The 1980s and 1990s saw enormous increases in our understanding of the role and mechanisms of cytokine function and witnessed our realization of the importance of immunopathology in parasitic diseases. Thus, chapter 3 has again undergone major surgery. It has been rewritten, reorganized, and expanded, including a section introducing antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and Toll-like receptors and tables listing the many ways that protozoan and helminth parasites evade host defenses. We have added a figure illustrating a JAK-STAT cell signaling pathway.
“Form and Function” chapters on protozoan parasites, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and arthropods have again been updated and rewritten significantly to provide a stronger base of knowledge with which to investigate each group further. When available, we include cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships of some of the major groups.
We again modified the classification section of chapter 4, making it consistent with all the major taxonomic literature published since the seventh edition. We continue use of the words “protozoa” and “protozoans” as common names with no taxonomic status and that refer to a number of phyla. Chapter 5 on Kinetoplasta includes new information on antigenic variation in trypanosomes, Leishmania-host cell relationships,and the important new anti-leishmanial drug miltefosine. We added a new diagram of life cycles of trypanosomatids infecting humans. In chapter 6 we continue usage of Giardia duodenalis to be consistent with the latest nomenclatural decisions about this important parasite. Several examples in this chapter cite the importance of molecular techniques to diagnosis and contributions to the overall biology of the organisms. Other protistan chapters address the exploding body of knowledge about opportunistic parasitic infections in immunocompromised persons and the amazing diversity of coccidians as revealed by the active systematic research on these parasites.
Chapter 7 on amebas has been reworked considerably to ensure consistency with current literature on ameba systematics, and several new figures were added, including an Acanthamoeba-infected eye. Both chapters 8 and 9 have information on the important membranous organelle known as an apicoplast. Intense scrutiny of malaria continues, reflecting its widespread importance as a human disease, and chapter 9 has been revised accordingly. We retained the expanded table comparing Plasmodium spp. and updated methods of diagnosis, role of cytokines in pathogenesis and immunity, progress toward vaccines, and drug action and resistance. A figure illustrates fluctuations in body temperature (fever phases) in falciparum compared with vivax malaria and relationship of the temperature fluctuations to phases of schizogony.
Dicyemida and Orthonectida, in accord with recent literature, and the classification has been revised. In chapter 13 of the seventh edition, we introduced significant revision of flatworm systematics, which has been retained in this edition.
We point out, in chapter 16, the potential for widespread increase in prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum resulting from the huge Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China. Other sections of this chapter have been extensively rewritten, including pathology, control, and other Schistosoma spp.
In chapter 20 on cestode form and function we retain the revisions made for the seventh edition, and on the basis of its extremely unusual scolex, we recognize order Cathetocephalidea and include a figure of its scolex. We have retained the numerous revisions in chapter 21 and rearranged several sections.
The most profound change in chapter 22 introducing nematodes is the adoption of the phylogeny and nomenclature of De Ley and Blaxter (2002, in D. L. Lee (Ed.), The biology of nematodes, Taylor and Francis). Although this adoption required many changes in subsequent chapters, we believe that De Ley and Blaxter’s scheme best reflects the true phylogenetic relationships of nematodes currently available.
In addition to the changes made necessary by use of De Ley and Blaxter’s classification, we incorporated numerous other changes and updates in the nematode chapters. The eighth species of Trichinella, T. zimbabwensis is covered and added to Table 23.1. We added the probable environmental cue that determines whether Strongyloides females will initiate a homogonic or heterogonic cycle. In chapter 25 we remarked on the difficulties in distinguishing hookworm eggs from those of Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Ternidens deminutus in areas of Africa where they parasitize humans, and we recognized Angiostrongylus vasorum as an emerging infection of canids. In accord with De Ley and Blaxter’s arrangement, Camallanidae was transferred to chapter 28 with Spiruromorpha. Chapter 30 now covers Dracunculidae with brief remarks on Philometridae and Anguillicolidae.
Chapter 31 of the seventh edition was an entirely new chapter on those amazing worms, Nematomorpha. This chapter brings together all findings of the most recent research on this group, especially the life cycle work. Foundations of Parasitology is the only text to date (including invertebrate and zoology texts) that has this information.
Chapter 32 on Acanthocephala has an expanded discussion of recent molecular work linking this phylum to Rotifera. A major addition is a cladogram and discussion on phylogenetic relationships within Acanthocephala.
Form and function of arthropods has now become chapter 33. We have added a discussion of Arthropoda phylogeny, including its position as a member of superphylum Ecdysozoa. Readers of the classification coverage in this chapter will find that we have included Pentastomida within Arthropoda as a subclass of crustacean class Maxillopoda.
Chapter 34 adopts the currently most authoritative classification of Crustacea. In this chapter we include a photo of a shark embryo parasitized by trebiid copepods; these amazing organisms
enter the uterus of pregnant sharks, attacking the uterine wall as well as the surface of the embryos, thus becoming endosymbiotic ectoparasites!
Chapter 35 covers Pentastomida and includes an explanation of its demotion from phylum status to a subclass of Crustacea. Much information has been added to the remaining chapters on insects, such as use of endectocides for control of lice, potential for bed bugs to transmit hepatitis viruses, a dramatic set of photos showing myiasis in a frog, and a dramatic picture of a strepsipteran emerging from a fire ant. The section on plague has been extensively reworked.
Chapter 41 on ticks and mites has new material on tick behavior, especially their attraction to human breath, on dogs as carriers of various tick-borne infections, and on chorioptic mange as a veterinary problem.
Table of contents
1 Introduction to Parasitology
- Relationship of Parasitology to Other Sciences
- Some Basic Definitions
- Interactions of Symbionts
- Hosts
- Parasitology and Human Welfare
- Parasites of Domestic and Wild Animals
- Parasitology for Fun and Profit
- Careers in Parasitology
- References
- Additional References
- Parasitology on the World Wide Web
2 Basic Principles and Concepts I: Parasite Systematics, Ecology, and Evolution
- Systematics and Taxonomy of Parasites
- Parasite Ecology
- The Host as an Environment
- A Parasite's Ecological Niche
- Trophic Relationships
- Parasite Populations
- Adaptations for Transmission
- Epidemiology
- Mathematical Models
- Parasite Evolution
- Evolutionary Associations Between Parasites and Hosts
- Parasitism and Sexual Selection
- Evolution of Virulence
3 Basic Principles and Concepts II: Immunology and Pathology
- Susceptibility and Resistance
- Innate Defense Mechanisms
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Cellular Defenses
- Immunity in Invertebrates
- Acquired Immune Response
- in Vertebrates
- Basics of Self and Nonself Recognition
- Antibodies
- Lymphocytes
- Cytokines
- Generation of a Humoral Response
- The Cell-Mediated Response
- Inflammation
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Immunodiagnosis
- Pathogenesis of Parasitic Infections
- Accommodation and Tolerance in the Host-Parasite Relationship
4 Parasitic Protozoa: Form, Function, and Classification
- Form and Function
- Nucleus and Cytoplasm
- Locomotor Organelles
- Reproduction and Life Cycles
- Encystment
- Feeding and Metabolism
- Excretion and Osmoregulation
- Endosymbionts
- Classification of Protozoan Phyla
- Stramenopiles
- Amebas
- Characters Generally Shared by Amebas
5 Kinetoplasta: Trypanosomes and Their Kin
- Forms of Trypanosomatidae
- Genus Trypanosoma
- Section Salivaria
- Section Stercoraria
- Genus Leishmania
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Other Trypanosomatid Parasites
- Genus Leptomonas
- Genus Herpetomonas
- Genus Crithidia
- Genus Blastocrithidia
- Genus Phytomonas
6 Other Flagellated Protozoa
- Order Retortamonadida
- Family Retortamonadidae
- Order Diplomonadida
- Family Hexamitidae
- Trichomonads (Class Trichomonada, Order Trichomonadida)
- Family Trichomonadidae
- Family Monocercomonadidae
- Order Opalinida (Slopalinida)
- Family Opalinidae
- References
- Additional References
7 The Amebas
- Amebas Infecting Mouth and Intestine
- Family Entamoebidae
- Amebas Infecting Brain and Eyes
- Family Vahlkampfiidae
- Family Acanthamoebidae
- Amebas of Uncertain Affinities
- References
- Additional References
8 Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia, and Related Organisms
- Apicomplexan Structure
- Class Conoidasida, Subclass Gregarinasina
- Order Eugregarinorida
- Subclass Coccidiasina
- Order Eucoccidiorida
- Suborder Adeleorina
- Suborder Eimeriorina
9 Phylum Apicomplexa: Malaria Organisms and Piroplasms
- Order Haemospororida
- Genus Plasmodium
- Genus Haemoproteus
- Genus Leucocytozoon
- Order Piroplasmida
- Family Babesiidae
- Family Theileriidae
10 Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliated Protistan Parasites
- Class Spirotrichea
- Order Clevelandellida; Family Nyctotheridae
- Class Litostomatea
- Order Vestibuliferida, Family Balantidiidae
- Order Entodiniomorphida
- Class Oligohymenophorea
- Subclass Hymenostomatia, Order Hymenostomatida, Family Ichthyophthiriidae
- Subclass Peritrichia, Order Mobilida, Family Trichodinidae
11 Microsporida and Myxozoa: Parasites with Polar Filaments
- Phylum Microsporida
- Family Nosematidae
- Order Microsporidian Species
- Myxozoa
- Family Myxobolidae
12 The Mesozoa: Pioneers or Degenerates?
- Class Rhombozoa
- Order Dicyemida
- Order Heterocyemida
- Class Orthonectida
- Morphology and Biology
- Phylogenetic Position
- Physiology and Host-Parasite Relationships
13 Introduction to Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Platyhelminth Systematics
- Turbellarians
- Acoels
- Rhabditophorans
- Temnocephalideans
- Alloeocoels
- Tricladids
- Polycladids
14 Trematoda: Aspidobothrea
- Form and Function
- Body Form
- Tegument
- Digestive System
- Osmoregulatory System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive Systems
- Development
- Aspidogaster conchicola
- Stichocotyle nephropsis
- Phylogenetic Considerations
15 Trematoda: Form, Function, and Classification of Digeneans
- Form and Function
- Body Form
- Tegument
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Excretion and Osmoregulation
- Acquisition of Nutrients and Digestion
- Reproductive Systems
- Development
- Embryogenesis
- Larval and Juvenile Development
- Development in a Definitive Host
- Trematode Transitions
- Summary of Life Cycle
- Metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Synthetic Metabolism
- Biochemistry of Trematode Tegument
- Phylogeny of Digenetic Trematodes
16 Digeneans: Strigeiformes
- Superfamily Strigeoidea
- Family Diplostomidae
- Family Strigeidae
- Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
- Family Schistosomatidae: Schistosoma Species and Schistosomiasis
17 Digeneans: Echinostomatiformes
- Superfamily Echinostomatoidea
- Family Echinostomatidae
- Echinostomatids as Models in Experimental Parasitology
- Family Fasciolidae
- Other Fasciolid Trematodes
- Family Cathaemasiidae
- Superfamily Paramphistomoidea
- Family Paramphistomidae
- Family Diplodiscidae
- Family Gastrodiscidae
18 Digeneans: Plagiorchiformes and Opisthorchiformes
- Other Plagiorchiformes
- Suborder Plagiorchiata
- Suborder Troglotrematidae
- Order Opisthorchiformes
- Family Opisthorchiidae
- Family Heterophyidae
19 Monogenoidea
- Form and Function
- Body Form
- Tegument
- Muscular and Nervous Systems
- Osmoregulatory System
- Acquisition of Nutrients
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Development
- Oncomiracidium
- Subclass Polyonchoinea
- Subclass Polystomatoinea
- Subclass Oligonchoinea
- Phylogeny
- Classification of Class Monogenoidea
20 Cestoidea: Form, Function, and Classification of Tapeworms
- Form and Function
- Strobila
- Scolex
- Tegument
- Calcareous Corpuscles
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Excretion and Osmoregulation
- Reproductive Systems
- Development
- Larval and Juvenile Development
- Development in the Definitive Host
- Metabolism
- Acquisition of Nutrients
- Energy Metabolism
- Synthetic Metabolism
- Hormonal Effects of Metabolites
- Classification of Class Cestoidea
21 Tapeworms
- Order Pseudophyllidea
- Family Diphyllobothriidae
- Other Pseudophyllideans Found in Humans
- Sparganosis
- Order Caryophyllidea
- Order Spathebothriidea
- Order Cyclophyllidea
- Family Taeniidae
- Other Taeniids of Medical Importance
- Family Hymenolepididae
- Family Davaineidae
- Family Dilepididae
- Family Anoplocephalidae
- Family Mesocestoididae
- Family Dioecocestidae
- Order Proteocephalata
- Order Tetraphyllidea
- Order Trypanorhyncha
- Subcohort Amphilinidea
- Cohort Gyrocotylidea
22 Phylum Nematoda: Form, Function, and Classification
- Historical Aspects
- Form and Function
- Body Wall
- Musculature
- Pseudocoel and Hydrostatic Skeleton
- Nervous System
- Digestive System and Acquisition of Nutrients
- Secretory-Excretory System
- Reproduction
- Development
- Eggshell Formation
- Embryogenesis
- Embryonic Metabolism
- Hatching
- Growth and Ecdysis
- Metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Synthetic Metabolism
- Classification of Phylum Nematoda
23 Nematodes: Trichurida and Dioctophymatida, Enoplean Parasites
- Order Trichurida
- Family Trichuridae
- Family Capillariidae
- Family Anatrichosomatidae
- Family Trichinellidae
- Order Dioctophymatida
- Family Dioctophymatidae
24 Nematodes: Rhabditida, Pioneering Parasites
- Families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae
- Family Rhabdiasidae
- Family Strongyloididae
25 Nematodes: Strongylida, Bursate Rhabditians
- Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea
- Family Ancylostomidae
- Superfamily Strongyloidea
- Family Strongylidae
- Family Syngamidae
- Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea
- Family Trichostrongylidae
- Family Dictyocaulidae
- Superfamily Metastrongyloidea
- Family Angiostrongylidae
26 Nematodes: Ascaridida, Intestinal Large Roundworms
- Superfamily Ascaridoidea
- Family Ascarididae
- Family Anisakidae
- Superfamily Heterakoidea
- Family Ascaridiidae
- Family Heterakidae
27 Nematodes: Oxyurida, Pinworms 445
- Family Oxyuridae
28 Nematodes: Spirurida, a Potpourri
- Family Acuariidae
- Family Gnathostomatidae
- Family Physalopteridae
- Family Tetrameridae
- Family Gongylonematidae
- Family Spirocercidae
- Family Thelaziidae
29 Nematodes: Filaroidea, Filarial Worms
- Family Onchocercidae
- Wuchereria Bancrofti
- Brugia malayi
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Loa loa
- Other Filariids Found in Humans
30 Nematodes: Camallanina, Guinea Worms and Others
- Family Camallanidae
- Families Philometridae and Anguillicolidae
- Family Dracunculidae
31 Phylum Nematomorpha, Hairworms
- Form and Function
- Morphology
- Physiology
- Natural History
- Life Cycle
- Ecology
- Phylogeny and Classification
32 Phylum Acanthocephala: Thorny-Headed Worms
- Form and Function
- General Body Structure
- Body Wall
- Reproductive System
- Excretory System
- Nervous System
- Acquisition and Use of Nutrients
- Uptake
- Metabolism
- Development and Life Cycles
- Class Eoacanthocephala
- Class Palaeacanthocephala
- Class Archiacanthocephala
- Effects of Acanthocephalans on Their Hosts
- Acanthocephala in Humans
- Phylogenetic Relationships
- Classification of Phylum Acanthocephala
33 Phylum Arthropoda: Form, Function, and Classification
- General Form and Function
- Arthropod Metamerism
- Exoskeleton
- Molting
- Early Development and Embryology
- Postembryonic Development
- Diapause
- External Morphology
- Form of Crustacea
- Form of Pterygote (Winged) Insects
- Form of Acari
- Internal Structure
- Classification of Arthropodan Taxa with Symbiotic Members
34 Parasitic Crustaceans
- Class Maxillopoda
- Subclass Copepoda
- Subclass Branchiura
- Subclass Thecostraca
- Subclass Tantulocarida
- Class Ostracoda
- Class Malacostraca
- Order Amphipoda
- Order Isopoda
35 Pentastomida: Tongue Worms
- Morphology
- Reproductive Anatomy
- Biology
- Development
- Life Cycles
- Pathogenesis
- Visceral Pentastomiasis
- Nasopharyngeal Pentastomiasis
36 Parasitic Insects: Mallophaga and Anoplura, Lice
- Order Mallophaga
- Morphology
- Biology of Some Representative Species
- Order Anoplura
- Morphology
- Mode of Feeding
- Other Anoplurans of Note
- Lice as Vectors of Human Disease
- Epidemic, or Louse-Borne, Typhus
- Trench Fever
- Relapsing Fever
- Control of Lice
37 Parasitic Insects: Hemiptera, Bugs
- Mouthparts and Feeding
- Family Cimicidae
- Morphology
- Biology
- Epidemiology and Control
- Family Reduviidae
- Morphology
- Biology
- Epidemiology and Control
38 Parasitic Insects: Fleas, Order Siphonaptera
- Morphology
- Jumping Mechanism
- Mouthparts and Mode of Feeding
- Development
- Host Specificity
- Families Ceratophyllidae and Leptopsyllidae
- Family Pulicidae
- Family Tungidae
- Fleas as Vectors
- Plague
- Murine Typhus
- Myxomatosis
- Other Parasites
- Control of Fleas
39 Parasitic Insects: Diptera, Flies
- Suborder Nematocera
- Family Psychodidae
- Family Culicidae
- Family Simuliidae
- Family Ceratopogonidae
- Suborder Brachycera
- Infraorder Tabanomorpha
- Infraorder Muscomorpha
- Myiasis
40 Parasitic Insects: Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera, and Others
- Orders with Few Parasitic Species
- Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)
- Order Neuroptera (Lacewings)
- Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)
- Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
- Order Strepsiptera (Stylops)
- Morphology 627
- Development 629
- Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)
- Morphology
- Development
- Classification and Examples
- Biological Control
41 Parasitic Arachnids: Subclass Acari, Ticks and Mites
- Classification of Arachnida and Acari
- Order Ixodida: Ticks
- Biology
- Family Ixodidae
- Family Argasidae
- Immunity to Ticks
- Order Mesostigmata
- Family Laelaptidae
- Family Halarachnidae
- Family Dermanyssidae
- Family Rhinonyssidae
- Order Prostigmata
- Family Cheyletidae
- Family Pyemotidae
- Family Psorergatidae
- Family Demodicidae
- Family Trombiculidae
- Order Oribatida
- Order Astigmata
- Family Psoroptidae
- Family Sarcoptidae
- Family Knemidokoptidae
- Family Pyroglyphidae
- Bee Mites
Glossary
Index
About the Author
- Larry Roberts is currently teaching parasitology and marine biology at the University of Miami. He received his Ph.D. in Parasitology from Johns Hopkins University and is a coauthor of Foundations of Parasitology, 5/e. Past teaching affiliations include University of Massachusetts, Texas Tech University, and Florida International University. Dr. Roberts has authored numerous research articles and a title of related interest: Underwater World of Sport Diving.
- John Janovy, Jr. (PhD University of Oklahoma, 1965) is the Paula and D. B. Varner Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. His research interest is parasitology, with particular focus on parasite ecology and life cycles. He has been director of the Cedar Point Biological Station, interim director of the University of Nebraska State Museum, and an assistant dean of Arts and Sciences, and he is currently the secretary-treasurer of the American Society of Parasitologists. His scholarly and creative accomplishments consist of approximately 90 scientific papers and book chapters; 14 books, including Keith County Journal, On Becoming a Biologist, Teaching in Eden, Outwitting College Professors, and Foundations of Parasitology (with Larry Roberts); the screenplay for the televised version of Keith County Journal (Nebraska Public Television); and numerous popular articles. His teaching experiences include almost continuous service in the large-enrollment freshman biology course; Field Parasitology (BIOS 487/887) at the Cedar Point Biological Station; Invertebrate Zoology (BIOS 381); Parasitology (BIOS 385); a decade in BIOS 103/204 (Organismic Biology/Biodiversity); and numerous honors seminars. He has supervised 18 MS students, 14 PhD students, and approximately 50 undergraduate researchers, including 10 Howard Hughes scholars. His honors include the University of Nebraska Distinguished Teaching Award (1970), University Honors Program Master Lecturer (1986), American Health magazine book award (1987, for Fields of Friendly Strife), University of Nebraska Outstanding Research and Creativity Award (1998), The Nature Conservancy Hero recognition (2000), and the American Society of Parasitologists Clark P. Read Mentorship Award (2003).
- Gerald D. Schmidt was professor of biology at the University of Northern Colorado (UNC) when he passed away. He received his PhD from Colorado State University. He was active in research and promoting research activities at UNC, and he published more than 160 research articles in scientific journals, as well as six books. He received awards from UNC for outstanding teaching and for distinguished scholarship. He was a board member of the World Federation of Parasitologists; a Fellow of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London; and a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Australia.
Product Details
- Hardcover: 728 pages
- Publisher: McGraw-Hill; 8 edition (October 13, 2008)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 0073028274
- ISBN-13: 978-0073028279
- Product Dimensions: 10.9 x 9.1 x 1.3 inches
List Price: $131.04