Biophysical parameters governing bone growth and development have been of continuing concern for various reasons. However, the study of the solid state nature of bone in its clinical environment needs emphasis. Many data are available on the subject and a coherent approach has been lacking.
This book is an effort to correlate the solid-state properties of bone with its clinical behavior, particularly concerning bone fracture healing and osteoporosis. Its characterization, treatment and diagnosis have been discussed in detail. In turn, it may be predicted that by altering the solid-state properties, the latter phenomena can be controlled. This then sets a relationship between the two. An approach of this type is far from being fully understood. Presently, an attempt has been made to sequentially put forth bone physical properties to explain its overall behavior. This first chapter essentially deals with the basics of bone biophysics. The following two chapters deal with piezoelectricity and its solid state behavior. The possibility of controlling these parameters by external stimulus is discussed in subsequent chapters. Bioelectricity in bone followed by its stimulation in fracture healing and its concept are elaborated.
Several workers have developed models to support experimental data to explain the physical, electrical and mechanical properties of bone. An understanding of physical phenomena involved in bone disease is of paramount importance. Though one of recent origin this issue is nowbeing widely recognized. This book aims to fill the gap, establishing its link with clinical behavior. While the treatment of fracture healing by conventional methods has long been in practice, the use of electrostimulation has been successfully reported for only about the last two decades, and its use is likely to increase. The treatment of induced osteoporosis add importance to this issue. This has been discussed in the light of exogenous biochemical supplement, is also considered along with electrical stimulation. The combination may significantly decelerate the process of osteoporosis. An emerging aspect related to nanoparticles is also included.Agreater depth in understanding the mechanism of such interactions may go a long way in improving the quality of human life. Last but not the least non-invasive techniques of measuring osteoporosis are discussed in some detail in the last chapter.
The present book is the culmination of an effort to bring together biophysical phenomena in bone, relating to growth and its relation to electrical behavior. The book is primarily intended as a bridge between physics and biology of bone, leading to its clinical applications: electro stimulations in fracture healing and osteoporosis. The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the basic biological aspects and the parameters relating to growth and repair. Chapter 2 covers bone behavior in its relationship with mechanical properties (piezoelectric phenomena). Chapter 3 deals with the bioelectric phenomena in bone and sets out goals for in vivo experimentation. Chapter 4 is concerned with semi-conduction properties, (mechanism of change transport), Hall effect, photoelectric effect, electric effects, PN junction properties and several others aspects.
Subsequent to the above an effort is made to relate these properties with bioelectric phenomena in bone and its relation to bone fracture healing. The bioelectric response of bone to field stimulation, from DC to radio frequency, is discussed.
The related issue of osteoporosis is discussed in Chapter 6 in some detail, dealing with the definition of osteoporosis and the parameters used to characterize this along with biochemical and physical methods for treatment. Finally, Chapter 7 deals with non-invasive techniques for the measurement of bone osteoporosis. This last chapter covers various techniques, for example, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, acoustic and ultrasonography, dual photon absorptiometry and others.
The book is based upon the author's own research work in the area and subsequent three major review articles published in Critical Review of Biomedical Engineering (Behari, 1990, 1994) and Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (Behari 1991). Work of other researchers is mainly from their published papers and also as discuss by other workers. The material has been updated to state of the art status.
This book is intended to be a reference book for students, researchers, those involved in teaching in universities, medical institutes (biomechanics) and hospitals (orthopedic surgeons). It is intended to provide a smooth journey from basics to clinical applications, adjusted for scientists from various backgrounds. The author will feel his efforts have been rewarded if it meets this goal.
Book Features
Chapter 1 Elements of Bone Biophysics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structural Aspect of Bone
1.3. Classification of Bone Tissues
1.4 Lamellation
1.5 Role of Bone Water
1.6 Bone Metabolism
1.7 Osteoporosis
1.8 Bone Cells
1.9 Bone Remodeling
1.10 Biochemical Markers of Bone and Collagen
1.11 Summary
Chapter 2 Piezoelectricity in Bone
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Piezoelectric Effect
2.3 Physical Concept of Piezoelectricity
2.4 Sound Propagated in a Piezoelectric Medium
2.5 Equivalent Single-Crystal Structure of Bone
2.6 Piezoelectric Properties of Dry Compact Bones
2.7 Bone Structure and Piezoelectric Properties
2.8 Piezoelectric Transducers
2.9 Ferroelectricity in Bone
2.10 Two-Phase Mineral-Filled Plastic Composites
2.11 Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone: Microscopic View
2.12 Ultrasound and Bone Behavior
2.12.1 Biochemical Coupling
2.13 Traveling Wave Characteristics
2.14 Viscoelasticity in Bone
2.15 Discussion
Chapter 3 Bioelectric Phenomena in Bone
3.1 Macroscopic Stress-Generated Potentials of Moist Bone
3.2 Mechanism of Biopotential Generation
3.3 Stress-Generated Potentials (SGPs) in Bone
3.4 Streaming Potentials and Currents of Normal Cortical Bone: Macroscopic Approach
3.5 Microscopic Potentials and Models of SP Generation in Bone
3.6 Stress-Generated Fields of Trabecular Bone
3.7 Biopotential and Electrostimulation in Bone
3.8 Origin of Various Bioelectric Potentials in Bone
Chapter 4 Solid State Bone Behavior
4.1 Introduction 129
4.2 Electrical Conduction in Bone
4.3 Microwave Conductivity in Bone
4.4 Electret Phenomena
4.5 Hall Effect in Bone
4.6 Photovoltaic Effect
4.7 PN Junction Phenomena in Bone
4.8 Bone Electrical Parameters in Microstrip Line Configuration
4.9 Bone Physical Properties and Ultrasonic Transducer
Chapter 5 Bioelectric Phenomena: Electrostimulation and Fracture Healing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biophysics of Fracture
5.3 Bone Fracture Healing
5.4 Electromagnetic Field and Fracture Healing
5.5 Venous Pressure and Bone Formation
5.6 Ultrasound and Bone Repair
5.7 SNR Analysis for EMF, US and SGP Signals
5.8 Low Energy He-Ne Laser Irradiation and Bone Repair
5.9 Electrostimulation of Osteoporosis
5.10 Other Techniques: Use of Nanoparticles
5.11 Possible Mechanism Involved in Osteoporosis
Chapter 6 Biophysical Parameters Affecting Osteoporosis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Senile and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
6.3 Theoretical Analysis of Fracture Prediction by Distant BMD Measurement Sites
6.4 Markers of Osteoporosis
6.5 Osteoporosis Interventions
6.6 Role of Estrogen
6.7 Glucocorticoid
6.8 Vitamin D and Osteoporosis
6.9 Role of Calcitonin
6.10 Calcitonin and Glucocorticoids
6.11 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
6.12 Role of Prostaglandins
6.13 Thiazide Diuretics (TD)
6.14 Effects of Fluoride
6.15 Role of Growth Hormone (GH)
6.16 Cholesterol
6.17 Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
6.18 Bisphosphonates (BPs)
6.19 Adipocyte Hormones
6.20 Mechanism of Action of Antiresorptive Agents
6.21 Genetic Studies of Osteoporosis
6.22 Nutritional Aspects in Osteoporosis
6.23 Osteoporosis: Prevention and Treatment
6.24 Non-invasive Techniques
6.25 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Non-Invasive Techniques used to Measure Osteoporosis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement of the Mineral Content
7.3 Bone Densitometric Methods
7.3.1 Radiographic Methods
7.4 X-ray Tomography
7.5 Skeleton Roentgenology
7.6 Metacarpal Index
7.7 Analysis of Radiographic Methods
7.8 Direct Photon Absorption Method
7.9 Limitations of the Method
7.10 Dual-Photon Absorptiometry (DPA)
7.11 Computed Tomography (CT)
7.12 Modification of CT Methods
7.13 Methods Based on Compton Scattering
7.14 Coherent and Compton Scattering
7.15 Dual Energy Technique
7.16 Neutron Activation Analysis
7.17 Infrasound Method for Bone Mass Measurements
7.18 Other Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7.19 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Techniques
References
Index
This book is an effort to correlate the solid-state properties of bone with its clinical behavior, particularly concerning bone fracture healing and osteoporosis. Its characterization, treatment and diagnosis have been discussed in detail. In turn, it may be predicted that by altering the solid-state properties, the latter phenomena can be controlled. This then sets a relationship between the two. An approach of this type is far from being fully understood. Presently, an attempt has been made to sequentially put forth bone physical properties to explain its overall behavior. This first chapter essentially deals with the basics of bone biophysics. The following two chapters deal with piezoelectricity and its solid state behavior. The possibility of controlling these parameters by external stimulus is discussed in subsequent chapters. Bioelectricity in bone followed by its stimulation in fracture healing and its concept are elaborated.
Several workers have developed models to support experimental data to explain the physical, electrical and mechanical properties of bone. An understanding of physical phenomena involved in bone disease is of paramount importance. Though one of recent origin this issue is nowbeing widely recognized. This book aims to fill the gap, establishing its link with clinical behavior. While the treatment of fracture healing by conventional methods has long been in practice, the use of electrostimulation has been successfully reported for only about the last two decades, and its use is likely to increase. The treatment of induced osteoporosis add importance to this issue. This has been discussed in the light of exogenous biochemical supplement, is also considered along with electrical stimulation. The combination may significantly decelerate the process of osteoporosis. An emerging aspect related to nanoparticles is also included.Agreater depth in understanding the mechanism of such interactions may go a long way in improving the quality of human life. Last but not the least non-invasive techniques of measuring osteoporosis are discussed in some detail in the last chapter.
The present book is the culmination of an effort to bring together biophysical phenomena in bone, relating to growth and its relation to electrical behavior. The book is primarily intended as a bridge between physics and biology of bone, leading to its clinical applications: electro stimulations in fracture healing and osteoporosis. The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the basic biological aspects and the parameters relating to growth and repair. Chapter 2 covers bone behavior in its relationship with mechanical properties (piezoelectric phenomena). Chapter 3 deals with the bioelectric phenomena in bone and sets out goals for in vivo experimentation. Chapter 4 is concerned with semi-conduction properties, (mechanism of change transport), Hall effect, photoelectric effect, electric effects, PN junction properties and several others aspects.Subsequent to the above an effort is made to relate these properties with bioelectric phenomena in bone and its relation to bone fracture healing. The bioelectric response of bone to field stimulation, from DC to radio frequency, is discussed.
The related issue of osteoporosis is discussed in Chapter 6 in some detail, dealing with the definition of osteoporosis and the parameters used to characterize this along with biochemical and physical methods for treatment. Finally, Chapter 7 deals with non-invasive techniques for the measurement of bone osteoporosis. This last chapter covers various techniques, for example, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, acoustic and ultrasonography, dual photon absorptiometry and others.
The book is based upon the author's own research work in the area and subsequent three major review articles published in Critical Review of Biomedical Engineering (Behari, 1990, 1994) and Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (Behari 1991). Work of other researchers is mainly from their published papers and also as discuss by other workers. The material has been updated to state of the art status.
This book is intended to be a reference book for students, researchers, those involved in teaching in universities, medical institutes (biomechanics) and hospitals (orthopedic surgeons). It is intended to provide a smooth journey from basics to clinical applications, adjusted for scientists from various backgrounds. The author will feel his efforts have been rewarded if it meets this goal.
Book Features
- Helps readers understand the behavior of bone under electrical stimulation from both fundamental and clinical aspects.
- Develops the relationship between the biophysics and biology of bone into an integral unit.
- Spans basic biophysical studies and clinical applications.
- Links the various topics together to give readers a holistic understanding of the area.
- Presents all major research findings about bone and biophysics.
Chapter 1 Elements of Bone Biophysics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structural Aspect of Bone
1.3. Classification of Bone Tissues
1.4 Lamellation
1.5 Role of Bone Water
1.6 Bone Metabolism
1.7 Osteoporosis
1.8 Bone Cells
1.9 Bone Remodeling
1.10 Biochemical Markers of Bone and Collagen
1.11 Summary
Chapter 2 Piezoelectricity in Bone
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Piezoelectric Effect
2.3 Physical Concept of Piezoelectricity
2.4 Sound Propagated in a Piezoelectric Medium
2.5 Equivalent Single-Crystal Structure of Bone
2.6 Piezoelectric Properties of Dry Compact Bones
2.7 Bone Structure and Piezoelectric Properties
2.8 Piezoelectric Transducers
2.9 Ferroelectricity in Bone
2.10 Two-Phase Mineral-Filled Plastic Composites
2.11 Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone: Microscopic View
2.12 Ultrasound and Bone Behavior
2.12.1 Biochemical Coupling
2.13 Traveling Wave Characteristics
2.14 Viscoelasticity in Bone
2.15 Discussion
Chapter 3 Bioelectric Phenomena in Bone
3.1 Macroscopic Stress-Generated Potentials of Moist Bone
3.2 Mechanism of Biopotential Generation
3.3 Stress-Generated Potentials (SGPs) in Bone
3.4 Streaming Potentials and Currents of Normal Cortical Bone: Macroscopic Approach
3.5 Microscopic Potentials and Models of SP Generation in Bone
3.6 Stress-Generated Fields of Trabecular Bone
3.7 Biopotential and Electrostimulation in Bone
3.8 Origin of Various Bioelectric Potentials in Bone
Chapter 4 Solid State Bone Behavior
4.1 Introduction 129
4.2 Electrical Conduction in Bone
4.3 Microwave Conductivity in Bone
4.4 Electret Phenomena
4.5 Hall Effect in Bone
4.6 Photovoltaic Effect
4.7 PN Junction Phenomena in Bone
4.8 Bone Electrical Parameters in Microstrip Line Configuration
4.9 Bone Physical Properties and Ultrasonic Transducer
Chapter 5 Bioelectric Phenomena: Electrostimulation and Fracture Healing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biophysics of Fracture
5.3 Bone Fracture Healing
5.4 Electromagnetic Field and Fracture Healing
5.5 Venous Pressure and Bone Formation
5.6 Ultrasound and Bone Repair
5.7 SNR Analysis for EMF, US and SGP Signals
5.8 Low Energy He-Ne Laser Irradiation and Bone Repair
5.9 Electrostimulation of Osteoporosis
5.10 Other Techniques: Use of Nanoparticles
5.11 Possible Mechanism Involved in Osteoporosis
Chapter 6 Biophysical Parameters Affecting Osteoporosis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Senile and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
6.3 Theoretical Analysis of Fracture Prediction by Distant BMD Measurement Sites
6.4 Markers of Osteoporosis
6.5 Osteoporosis Interventions
6.6 Role of Estrogen
6.7 Glucocorticoid
6.8 Vitamin D and Osteoporosis
6.9 Role of Calcitonin
6.10 Calcitonin and Glucocorticoids
6.11 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
6.12 Role of Prostaglandins
6.13 Thiazide Diuretics (TD)
6.14 Effects of Fluoride
6.15 Role of Growth Hormone (GH)
6.16 Cholesterol
6.17 Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
6.18 Bisphosphonates (BPs)
6.19 Adipocyte Hormones
6.20 Mechanism of Action of Antiresorptive Agents
6.21 Genetic Studies of Osteoporosis
6.22 Nutritional Aspects in Osteoporosis
6.23 Osteoporosis: Prevention and Treatment
6.24 Non-invasive Techniques
6.25 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Non-Invasive Techniques used to Measure Osteoporosis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement of the Mineral Content
7.3 Bone Densitometric Methods
7.3.1 Radiographic Methods
7.4 X-ray Tomography
7.5 Skeleton Roentgenology
7.6 Metacarpal Index
7.7 Analysis of Radiographic Methods
7.8 Direct Photon Absorption Method
7.9 Limitations of the Method
7.10 Dual-Photon Absorptiometry (DPA)
7.11 Computed Tomography (CT)
7.12 Modification of CT Methods
7.13 Methods Based on Compton Scattering
7.14 Coherent and Compton Scattering
7.15 Dual Energy Technique
7.16 Neutron Activation Analysis
7.17 Infrasound Method for Bone Mass Measurements
7.18 Other Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
7.19 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Techniques
References
Index
Book Details
- Hardcover: 416 pages
- Publisher: Wiley; 1 edition (August 24, 2009)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 047082400X
- ISBN-13: 978-0470824009
- Product Dimensions: 9.8 x 6.8 x 1.2 inches
List Price: $210.00