2. Interleukin-18
3. Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin
4. Kidney Injury Molecule-1
5. Tubular Enzymes
6. Cystatin C
7. Other Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury
7.1. IL-6 and IL-8
7.2. Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)
7.3. L1 cell adhesion molecule
7.4. Netrin
7.5. Exosomes
7.6. Urinary aprotinin
7.7. Nephronectin
7.8. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) genetic polymorphisms
8. Biomarkers of Extra-renal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury
8.1. AKI and inflammation
8.1.1. Proinflammatory cytokines mediate organ dysfunction
8.1.2. Proinflammatory cytokines are increased in the serum in animal models of AKI
8.1.3. Clearance of proinflammatory cytokines may be impaired in acute kidney injury
8.1.4. Excess production and impaired clearance of proinflammatory cytokines may occur in AKI
8.1.5. Serum cytokines are increased in patients with AKI
8.1.6. Serum IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 are increased in patients with established AKI and predict mortality
8.1.7. Serum IL-6 is an early biomarker of AKI
8.2. Pulmonary complications of AKI
8.2.1. Lung inflammation in experimental AKI
8.2.2. Potential role of IL-6 in AKI-mediated lung injury