In 1979, the eminent tick biologist, Harry Hoogstraal, published his encyclopedic review on the ecology and epidemiology of CCHF. Since then, there have been tremendous developments in the knowledge of CCHF, including improved detection, characterization, and identification tools for the causative virus. In addition, new information is beginning to come to light on the pathogenesis of disease and potentially new methods to treat the disease. Also, the disease is occurring in places where it had not previously occurred. For example, there have been over 1,000 human cases in Turkey since 2002, when the first cases in that country were reported.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Global Perspective is the first book written which is specifically devoted to CCHF. Our aim in writing this book was to present updated information on several key aspects of the disease and the virus which causes it. CCHF is a global disease, and writing this book was truly an international effort. In total, there are 34 authors from at least 13 different countries who have contributed to this book. These authors are leading scientists in their fields and provide a global perspective on this global disease. There are six main sections in this book. Section I gives an introduction to CCHF and presents a historical background on the disease. Section II discusses the molecular biology and genetics of CCHFV. Section III is the largest section and discusses the epidemiology and ecology of CCHF, including several chapters focusing on CCHF in individual countries. Section IV describes what is currently known about the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment options for CCHF. Section V provides information on the prevention and control of CCHF. Section VI discusses potential areas for future research and includes frequently asked questions that may prove helpful to public health officials or others, who may not be experts on CCHF, but nevertheless may be required to provide information on the disease to the public. This book will shed light on this viral hemorrhagic disease and provide useful information for all the clinicians, virologists, entomologists, and public health officials who deal with this important disease.
About the Author
Onder Ergonul is an associate professor of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology at the Marmara University School of Medicine in Istanbul, Turkey. He graduated from Hacettepe University School of Medicine in 1989 in Ankara, Turkey. He completed his residency in 1996 in Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department of Ankara University. Concentrating on quantitative methods, he received his Master of Public Health degree from Harvard University School of Public Health in 2003. Between 2000 and 2002, he was a research fellow in the Clinical Epidemiology division of Infectious Diseases Department at the University of Utah, School of Medicine, USA. Between 2003 and 2006, he worked in Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital in Ankara, Turkey.
Dr. Ergonul is a member of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society of Turkey (KLIMIK). He has authored and coauthored numerous scientific publications about clinical and epidemiologic aspects of infectious diseases. His main research interest is infectious diseases epidemiology, particularly on emerging infections and hospital infections.
Chris A. Whitehouse is a microbiologist in the Diagnostic Systems Division at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick, Maryland, and is an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine at the George Washington University.
He received his undergraduate degree in Biology from Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. Dr. Whitehouse holds a Master’s degree in Parasitology and a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Immunology, both from the University of Louisville, Kentucky. Between 1997 and 1999, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Kentucky, and from 1999 to 2000, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, University of Rhode Island.
Dr. Whitehouse is a member of the American Society for Microbiology, the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and the American Committee on Arthropod-Borne Viruses. He serves on the Editorial Boards of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular and Cellular Probes. Dr. Whitehouse has authored and coauthored numerous scientific publications in the fields of virology, vector-borne diseases, and diagnostic microbiology. His main research interests are the ecology, epidemiology, and molecular diagnostics of arboviral and tick-borne diseases.
Contents
Section I: Introduction and Historical Perspectives
1. Introduction
2. A Historical Perspective of Infectious Diseases with Reference to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
3. Personal Reflections
Section II: Etiologic Agent
4. Molecular Biology of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
5. Molecular Epidemiology, Genomics, and Phylogeny of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Section III: Epidemiology and Ecology
6. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey
7. Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the Balkans
8. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Infection in Iran
9. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Russia and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union
10. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Western China
11. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in South Africa
12. Role of Ticks in the Transmission of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
13. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection among Animals
14. Ecology of Tick-Borne Disease and the Role of Climate
15. Mathematical Modeling of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission
Section IV: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment
16. Clinical and Pathologic Features of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
17. Comparative Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
18. Laboratory Diagnosis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
19. Treatment of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
19.1. Current therapy: ribavirin use and hematological support
19.2. Old and new treatment strategies
19.3. Antibodies to CCHFV for prophylaxis and treatment
Section V: Prevention and Control
20. Risk Groups and Control Measures for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
21. Estimates and Prevention of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Risks for Health-Care Workers
22. International Surveillance and Control of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks
Section VI: Remaining Questions and Future Research Future Research
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Index
Color Plates