Cranial ultrasonography (CUS) was introduced into neonatology in the late 1970s and has become an essential diagnostic tool in modern neonatology. The non-invasive nature of ultrasonography makes it an ideal imaging technique in the neonate. In the neonate and young infant, the fontanels and many sutures of the skull are still open, and these can be used as acoustic windows to “look” into the brain. Transfontanellar CUS allows the use of high-frequency transducers, with high near-field resolution.
As a result of ongoing development in ultrasonography, image quality is high nowadays, provided optimal settings and techniques are applied. Therefore, CUS is a reliable tool for detecting congenital and acquired anomalies of the perinatal brain and the most frequently occurring patterns of brain injury in both preterm and full-term neonates.
This book is a practical guide to neonatal cranial ultrasonography. The first part describes how to perform a standard, good-quality CUS procedure, using the anterior fontanel as an acoustic window. It continues with the application of supplemental acoustic windows (i.e. posterior fontanel, mastoid fontanels and the temporal windows). Recommendations are given on the timing of CUS examinations and on additional neuroimaging (MRI).
The second part of the book deals with the normal anatomy of the neonatal brain as depicted by CUS. This is demonstrated using normal CUS images in different planes, obtained from different acoustic windows.
Although, in order to clarify some topics, examples of abnormal CUS images are shown, the focus of this book is on the normal ultrasound anatomy of the neonatal brain and on how to perform a good-quality CUS examination. A systematic review of congenital and acquired anomalies of the neonatal brain as depicted by CUS is beyond the scope of this book. Recommendations are given for further reading on these subjects. Doppler and colour Doppler imaging are briefly mentioned; for more detailed information, the reader is referred to an earlier book on this subject (Couture and Veyrac 2001).
The current book refers to some of the available literature on the subject of CUS, but it does not strive to give a complete overview of the literature. All ultrasound images were performed at the neonatal unit of the Leiden University Medical Center by the author of this book or one of her collegues, using an Aloka 5500 or Alpha 10 Ultrasound system. The ultrasound images shown in this book are normal and age-appropriate unless stated otherwise. The MRI examinations were performed at the department of neuroradiology of the Leiden University Medical Center, using Philips 1.5 or 3 Tesla MR systems.
Contents
1 Cranial Ultrasonography: Advantages and Aims
2 Cranial Ultrasonography: Technical Aspects
2.1 Equipment
2.3 Sonographer and Safety Precautions
3 Performing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
3.1 Standard Views
4 Assessing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
4.1 Assessing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
5 Timing of Ultrasound Examinations
5.1 Timing of Ultrasound Examinations
5.3 Adaptations of Ultrasound Examinations, Depending on Diagnosis
6 Classification of Peri- and Intraventricular Haemorrhage, Periventricular Leukomalacia, and White Matter Echogenicity
6.1 Scoring Systems
7 Limitations of Cranial Ultrasonography and Recommendations for MRI
7.1 Limitations of Cranial Ultrasonography
7.2 Role of MRI
8 Maturational Changes of the Neonatal Brain
8.1 Maturational Processes
8.2 Gyration
8.3 Myelination
8.4 Cell Migration
8.5 Germinal Matrix Involution
8.6 Deep Grey Matter Changes
8.7 Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces
9 Summary
10 Further Reading
Part II Ultrasound Anatomy of the Neonatal Brain
1 Coronal Planes
2 Sagittal Planes
3 Posterior Fontanel
4 Temporal Window
5 Mastoid Fontanel
Legends of Corresponding Numbers in Ultrasound Scans
Subject Index
Book Details
As a result of ongoing development in ultrasonography, image quality is high nowadays, provided optimal settings and techniques are applied. Therefore, CUS is a reliable tool for detecting congenital and acquired anomalies of the perinatal brain and the most frequently occurring patterns of brain injury in both preterm and full-term neonates.
This book is a practical guide to neonatal cranial ultrasonography. The first part describes how to perform a standard, good-quality CUS procedure, using the anterior fontanel as an acoustic window. It continues with the application of supplemental acoustic windows (i.e. posterior fontanel, mastoid fontanels and the temporal windows). Recommendations are given on the timing of CUS examinations and on additional neuroimaging (MRI).
The second part of the book deals with the normal anatomy of the neonatal brain as depicted by CUS. This is demonstrated using normal CUS images in different planes, obtained from different acoustic windows.
Although, in order to clarify some topics, examples of abnormal CUS images are shown, the focus of this book is on the normal ultrasound anatomy of the neonatal brain and on how to perform a good-quality CUS examination. A systematic review of congenital and acquired anomalies of the neonatal brain as depicted by CUS is beyond the scope of this book. Recommendations are given for further reading on these subjects. Doppler and colour Doppler imaging are briefly mentioned; for more detailed information, the reader is referred to an earlier book on this subject (Couture and Veyrac 2001).
The current book refers to some of the available literature on the subject of CUS, but it does not strive to give a complete overview of the literature. All ultrasound images were performed at the neonatal unit of the Leiden University Medical Center by the author of this book or one of her collegues, using an Aloka 5500 or Alpha 10 Ultrasound system. The ultrasound images shown in this book are normal and age-appropriate unless stated otherwise. The MRI examinations were performed at the department of neuroradiology of the Leiden University Medical Center, using Philips 1.5 or 3 Tesla MR systems.
Contents
- Introduction
1 Cranial Ultrasonography: Advantages and Aims - 1.1 Advantages of Cranial Ultrasonography
- 1.2 Aims of Neonatal Cranial Ultrasonography
2 Cranial Ultrasonography: Technical Aspects
2.1 Equipment
- 2.1.1 Ultrasound Machine
- 2.1.2 Transducers
2.3 Sonographer and Safety Precautions
3 Performing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
3.1 Standard Views
- 3.1.1 Coronal Planes
- 3.1.2 Sagittal Planes
- 3.2.1 Posterior Fontanel
- 3.2.2 Temporal Windows
- 3.2.3 Mastoid Fontanels
4 Assessing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
4.1 Assessing Cranial Ultrasound Examinations
- 4.1.1 A Systematic Approach to Detect Cerebral Pathology
5 Timing of Ultrasound Examinations
5.1 Timing of Ultrasound Examinations
- 5.1.1 Ultrasound Screening Programme
5.3 Adaptations of Ultrasound Examinations, Depending on Diagnosis
6 Classification of Peri- and Intraventricular Haemorrhage, Periventricular Leukomalacia, and White Matter Echogenicity
6.1 Scoring Systems
7 Limitations of Cranial Ultrasonography and Recommendations for MRI
7.1 Limitations of Cranial Ultrasonography
7.2 Role of MRI
- 7.2.1 Conditions in Which MRI Contributes to Diagnosis and/or Prognosis
8 Maturational Changes of the Neonatal Brain
8.1 Maturational Processes
8.2 Gyration
8.3 Myelination
8.4 Cell Migration
8.5 Germinal Matrix Involution
8.6 Deep Grey Matter Changes
8.7 Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces
9 Summary
10 Further Reading
Part II Ultrasound Anatomy of the Neonatal Brain
1 Coronal Planes
2 Sagittal Planes
3 Posterior Fontanel
4 Temporal Window
5 Mastoid Fontanel
Legends of Corresponding Numbers in Ultrasound Scans
Subject Index
Book Details
- Paperback: 184 pages
- Publisher: Springer; 1 edition (November 14, 2007)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 3540699066
- ISBN-13: 978-3540699064
- Product Dimensions: 7.6 x 5 x 0.4 inches