As intensive care practitioners are often the initial or even sole providers of care to seriously ill patients at risk for acute kidney injury, it is their responsibility to ensure that adequate measures to prevent its occurrence are taken. Moreover, it is their task to diagnose and evaluate incipient acute kidney disease, to initiate optimal supportive care, and where possible, definitive treatment of this disorder.
It is the editors’ hope that this book will provide a reference for clinicians practicing in the intensive care unit, to help guide their care of patients with acute kidney disease. In addition, we would like to address clinicians from many other fields who are regularly involved in the care of patients at risk for acute kidney injury. To that end there are a group of international authors to cover the most recent information on definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical causes of acute kidney injury and failure. Their understanding is a fundamental prerequisite for the prevention of this disorder. Moreover, the earlier parts of this book present differential diagnostic approaches for patients with acute kidney disease and a detailed outline of important measures for its clinical management and the prevention of complications. The subsequent parts are dedicated to the diagnosis and management of acute kidney disease in specific patient groups and in particular disorders. Finally, the various key aspects related to the adequate delivery of acute renal replacement therapy are detailed in the final parts of the book.
The chapters included in this book are derived from clinical experience and report the evidence for current clinical practice extracted from consensus statements or systematic analyses of the literature.
Contents
1.1 Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury
Part II Overview of Pathophysiology, Etiology and Epidemiology
2.1 Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury and Repair
2.2 Uremic Toxins
2.3 Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure
2.4 Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury
2.5 Urinary Tract Obstruction
2.6 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury
2.7 Economic Impact of Acute Kidney Failure
Part III Diagnostic Evaluation and Procedures
3.1 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation
3.2 Kidney Function Tests and Urinalysis
3.3 Renal Ultrasound
3.4 Management of Acute Kidney Problems: Indications for Renal Biopsy in Acute Renal Disease
Part IV Prevention and Conservative Therapy of Acute Kidney Failure
4.1 Volume Resuscitation and Management
4.2 Management of Electrolyte Disorders
4.3 Acid–Base Balance
4.4 Monitoring and Management of Systemic Hemodynamics
4.5 Treatment of Anemia
4.6 Metabolic Alterations and Nutrition in AKI
4.7 Glucose, Insulin, and the Kidney
4.8 Bleeding and Hemostasis
4.9 Neurological Problems
4.10 Gastrointestinal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury
4.11 Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury .
4.12 Acute Kidney Injury: Specific Interventions and Drugs . 229
4.13 Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Injury andDuring Renal Replacement Therapy
4.14 Anesthesia in Patients with Kidney Failure
Part V Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury
5.1 Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury
Part VI Diagnosis and Management of Specific Disorders
6.1 Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis
6.1.1. Hemodynamics and Hormones During Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury
6.1.2. Sodium and Water Balance During Sepsis
6.1.3. Early Renal Vasoconstriction in Septic AKI
6.1.4. Role of Oxygen Radicals and Cytokines in Renal Tubular and Vascular Injury During Sepsis
6.1.5. Prospective Randomized Clinical Studies in Sepsis
6.1.6 Take Home Pearls
6.2 Kidney in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Brief Review of Renal Neurohormonal Regulation
6.2.3 Clinical Aspects in the Management of AHFS and Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.4 Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock and its Effects on Renal Function
6.2.5 Role of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock
6.2.6 Take Home Pearls
6.3 Acute Kidney Problems in Congestive Heart Failure
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Congestive Heart Failure
6.3.3 Cardiorenal Syndrome
6.3.4 Deterioration in Renal Function During Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
6.3.5 Risk of Rhabdomyolysis with Statins
6.3.6 Cholesterol Embolization
6.3.7 Radiocontrast Nephropathy
6.3.8 Special Circumstances
6.3.9 Take Home Pearls
6.4 Hepatorenal Syndrome
6.5 Malignant Hypertension
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Histopathologic Findings
6.5.3 Pathophysiology
6.5.4 Epidemiology
6.5.5 Clinical Perspectives
6.5.6 Management
6.5.7 Take Home Pearls
6.6 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Drugs and Poisons
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms 9
6.6.3 Common Nephrotoxins
6.6.4 Conclusion
6.6.5 Take Home Pearls
6.7 Toxic Nephropathy Due to Radiocontrast Media
6.7.1 Definition of Toxic Nephropathy After Iodinated Contrast Medium
6.7.2 Consensus Statements on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
6.7.3 Pathophysiology
6.7.4 Classes of Iodinated Contrast
6.7.5 Importance of Volume Expansion
6.7.6 Dialysis and Hemofiltration
6.7.7 Pharmacologic Prophylaxis
6.7.8 Follow-Up
6.7.9 Biomarkers for Contrast-Induced AKI
6.7.10 Future Approaches
6.7.11 Take Home Pearls
6.8 Acute Glomerulonephritis, Vasculitis, and Pulmonary Renal Syndrome
6.9 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/ Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
6.9.1 Introduction
6.9.2 Acquired Forms
6.9.3 Genetic (TMA Associated with Congenital Defects)
6.9.4 Idiopathic
6.9.5 Treatment Guidelines
6.9.6 Future Directions
6.9.7 Take Home Pearls
6.10 Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
6.10.1 Background
6.10.2 Historical
6.10.3 Epidemiology
6.10.4 Clinical Features
6.10.5 Etiology
6.10.6 Pathogenesis
6.10.7 Histology
6.10.8 Diagnosis
6.10.9 Treatment
6.10.10 Prognosis
6.10.11 Take Home Pearls
6.11 Myoglobinuric Acute Kidney Failure
6.12 Tropical Infections and Acute Kidney Injury
6.12.1 Introduction
6.12.2 Pathogenetic Mechanisms
6.12.3 Clinical Characteristics
6.12.4 Diagnosis
6.12.5 Management
6.12.6 Take Home Pearls
6.13 AIDS and Acute Kidney Failure
6.13.1 Epidemiology: Incidence and Risk Factors
6.13.2 Causes
6.13.3 Intrinsic Renal Failure
6.13.4 Underlying Mechanisms
6.13.5 Conclusion
6.13.6 Take Home Pearls
6.14 Acute Kidney Injury in Oncological Disorders and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
6.14.1 Introduction
6.14.2 Negative Impact of AKI on Prognosis for Cancer Patients
6.14.3 Causes of AKI in Cancer Patients
6.14.4 Conclusions
6.14.5 Take Home Pearls
6.15 Kidney Failure Following Cardiovascular Surgery
6.16 Burns and Acute Kidney Failure
6.16.1 Introduction
6.16.2 Pathophysiology of Burns
6.16.3 Renal and Electrolyte Abnormalities
6.16.4 Acute Renal Failure
6.16.5 Renal Replacement Therapy in Burn Patients
6.16.6 Take Home Pearls
6.17 Acute Kidney Transplant Failure
6.17.1 Introduction
6.17.2 Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Procedures
6.17.3 Take Home Pearls
6.18 Acute Kidney Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum
6.18.1 Introduction and Scope
6.18.2 Diagnosis
6.18.3 Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome
6.18.4 Thrombotic Microangiopathies
6.18.5 SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
6.18.6 Sepsis
6.18.7 Therapeutic Principles
6.18.8 Prenatal and Obstetric Management
6.18.9 Take Home Pearls
6.19 Acute Kidney Failure in Children
6.19.1 Introduction
6.19.2 Epidemiology
6.19.3 Etiology and Diagnosis
6.19.4 Treatment
6.19.5 Specific Patient Populations
6.19.6 Outcome
6.19.7 Take Home Pearls
Part VII Temporary Replacement of Kidney Function
7.1 Indications to Start Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.2 Principles of Extracorporeal Therapy: Haemodialysis, Haemofiltration and Haemodiafiltration
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 A Brief History of Dialysis
7.2.3 Physiological Principles
7.2.4 Membrane and Dialysers
7.2.5 Dialysis Fluid
7.2.6 The Dialysis Machine
7.2.7 Anticoagulation
7.2.8 Haemodialysis/Filtration Techniques
7.2.9 Adequacy of Dialysis
7.2.10 Take Home Pearls
7.3 Membranes for Dialysis and Hemofiltration
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Classification of Dialysis Membranes
7.3.3 Dialysis Membrane Materials
7.3.4 Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility
7.3.5 Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility and Clinical Outcome
7.3.6 Dialysis Membrane Permeability and Clinical Outcome
7.3.7 Dialysis Membrane Requirements in Acute Renal Failure
7.3.8 Future Trends in Dialysis Membranes: The Bioartificial Kidney
7.3.9 Take Home Pearls
7.4 Dialysates and Substitution Fluids
7.5 Intermittent Hemodialysis
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Operational Characteristics of IHD
7.5.3 Advantages and Limits
7.5.4 Different Modalities
7.5.5 Specificity of IHD Use in ICU
7.5.6 Preferential Indication for IHD
7.5.7 Take Home Pearls
7.6 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Historical Review
7.6.3 CRRT Techniques and Nomenclature
7.6.4 Indications and Timing of Starting CRRT
7.6.5 Nonrenal Indications of CRRT
7.6.6 Complications/Problems
7.6.7 CRRT Versus IRRT
7.6.8 Take Home Pearls
7.7 Extended Daily Dialysis
7.7.1 Extended Dialy Dialysis: Back to the Roots of Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients
7.7.2 What Led to the Revival of EDD in the ICU?
7.7.3 Clinical Experience with EDD Therapy of Critically Ill Patients with AKI
7.7.4 Quantifying the Dose of EDD and Survival with EDD
7.7.5 Technical Modifications of the EDD Technique
7.7.6 The Genius Batch Dialysis System
7.7.7 Removal of Drugs and Toxins
7.7.8 Economic Considerations
7.7.9 EDD: The “Hybrid” Approach in Terms of Techniques and Specialties
7.7.10 Summary and Outlook
7.7.11 Take Home Pearls
7.8 Quantifying the Dose of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.9 Anticoagulation for Acute Dialysis
7.9.1 Introduction
7.9.2 Summary
7.9.3 Take Home Pearls
7.10 Vascular Access for Acute Dialysis
7.10.1 Introduction
7.10.2 How to Choose a CVC for Acute Dialysis?
7.10.3 How to Insert, Care and Manage a Dialysis CVC?
7.10.4 How to Evaluate and to Improve Dialysis CVC Performances?
7.10.5 How to Improve CVC Outcomes in Intensive Care Unit Setting?
7.10.6 Conclusion
7.10.7 Take Home Pearls
7.11 Principles and Practice of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis
7.12 Choosing a Therapy Modality for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
7.12.1 Introduction
7.12.2 The “Evidence-Base”: Clinical Studies Comparing Outcomes of CRRT and IRRT
7.12.3 The Clinical Choice of Treatment Modalities
7.12.4 Diffusive Versus Convective Treatment Strategies
7.12.5 Take Home Pearls
7.13 Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy in Children
7.13.1 Introduction
7.13.2 Peritoneal Dialysis
7.13.3 Intermittent Hemodialysis
7.13.4 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
7.13.5 Summary/Conclusions
7.13.6 Take Home Pearls
7.14 Stopping Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
7.14.1 Introduction
7.14.2 Take Home Pearls
Part VIII Extracorporeal Therapies for Nonrenal Indications
8.1 Extracorporeal Therapies and Immunomodulation During Sepsis
8.2 Extracorporeal Liver Support
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Artificial Liver Support
8.2.3 Bioartificial Liver Support
8.2.4 Discussion
8.2.5 Take Home Pearls
8.3 Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Criteria and Considerations for Extracorporeal Therapy
8.3.3 Principles of Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins
8.3.4 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemodialysis
8.3.5 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration
8.3.6 Extracorporeal Modalities – Hemoperfusion
8.3.7 Extracorporeal Modalities – Peritoneal Dialysis
8.3.8 Extracorporeal Modalities – Plasma Exchange and Exchange Transfusion
8.3.9 Specific Drugs/Poisons
8.3.10 Take Home Pearls
Subject Index
Book Details
- Hardcover: 681 pages
- Publisher: Springer; 1st edition (February 19, 2010)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 3540694137
- ISBN-13: 978-3540694137
- Product Dimensions: 10.5 x 7.9 x 1.4 inches