The book is the third edition of books on the auditory system, the first, Auditory Physiology, published in 1983 by Academic Press, and the second, Hearing: Its Physiology and Pathophysiology, published in 2000, also by Academic Press.
The book has 11 chapters that are organized in three sections. Chapters from earlier editions have been re-organized and most parts have been re-written and new information has been added. A separate chapter is devoted to an extended coverage of hyperactive disorders, most importantly tinnitus, the cause and treatment of which is discussed in detail. A new chapter describes cochlear and brainstem implants and hearing conservation programs are discussed in an appendix.
The four chapters of Section I cover anatomy and physiology of the middle ear and the cochlea, including a chapter on the electrical potentials that are generated by the cochlea. Section II has two chapters thatcover anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. Both the classical and the less known non-classical (extralemniscal) auditory pathways are covered extensively. The latter is involved in some forms of tinnitus and may be activated in other disorders also. A third chapter is devoted to evoked potentials from the nervous system. The neural generators of the ABR are discussed in detail. The anatomy and physiology of the acoustic middle-ear reflex is covered in a fourth chapter in this section.
The final section (Section III) discusses disorders of the auditory system. Two chapters regard hearing impairment and hyperactive disorders, focusing on tinnitus, its etiology, and treatment. These two chapters stress the role of expression of neural plasticity. A third chapter in this section concerns cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants. The basic design and function of the processors in these modern auditory prostheses are described and the physiologic basis for the function of these prostheses is discussed. An appendix discusses hearing conservation programs.
Contents
SECTION I THE EAR
CHAPTER 1 Anatomy of the Ear
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Outer Ear
3.1. Ear Canal
4. Middle Ear
4.1. Tympanic Membrane
4.2. Ossicles
4.3. Middle-ear Muscles
4.4. Eustachian Tube
4.5. Middle-ear Cavities
5. Cochlea
5.1. Organ of Corti
5.2. Basilar Membrane
5.3. Innervation of Hair Cells
5.4. Fluid Systems of the Cochlea
5.5. Blood Supply to the Cochlea
CHAPTER 2 Sound Conduction to the Cochlea
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Head, Outer Ear and Ear Canal
3.1. Ear Canal
3.2. Head
3.3. Physical Basis for Directional Hearing
4. Middle Ear
4.1. Middle Ear as an Impedance Transformer
4.2. Transfer Function of the Human Middle Ear
4.3. Impulse Response of the Human Middle Ear
4.4. Linearity of the Middle Ear
4.5. Acoustic Impedance of the Ear
4.6. Contributions of Individual Parts of the Middle Ear to Its Impedance
CHAPTER 3 Physiology of the Cochlea
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Frequency Selectivity of the Basilar Membrane
3.1. Traveling Wave Motion
3.2. Basilar Membrane Frequency Tuning Is Non-linear
3.3. Frequency Tuning of the Basilar Membrane
3.4. Role of the Outer Hair Cells in Basilar Membrane Motion
3.5. Epochs of Research in Cochlear Mechanics
4. Sensory Transduction in the Cochlea
4.1. Excitation of Hair Cells
4.2. Which Phase of a Sound Excites Hair Cells (Rarefaction or Condensation)?
4.3. Molecular Basis for Sensory Transduction
4.4. Endocochlear Potential
4.5. Cochlea as a Generator of Sound
4.6. Efferent Control of Hair Cells
4.7. Autonomic Control of the Cochlea
5. Autoregulation of Blood Flow to the Cochlea
CHAPTER 4 Sound Evoked Electrical Potentials in the Cochlea
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Electrical Potentials in the Cochlea
3.1. Cochlear Microphonics
3.2. Summating Potential
3.3. Action Potential
3.4. Electrocochleographic Potentials
SECTION II THE AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 5 Anatomy of the Auditory Nervous System
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Classical Ascending Auditory Pathways
3.1. Auditory Nerve
3.2. Cochlear Nucleus
3.3. Superior Olivary Complex
3.4. Lateral Lemniscus and Its Nuclei
3.5. Inferior Colliculus
3.6. Medial Geniculate Body
3.7. Auditory Cerebral Cortex
3.8. Differences between the Classical Auditory Pathways in Humans and in Animals
4. Non-classical Ascending Auditory Pathways
5. Parallel Processing and Stream Segregation
5.1. Parallel Processing
5.2 Stream Segregation
5.3. Connections to Non-auditory Parts of the Brain
6. Descending Pathways
CHAPTER 6 Physiology of the Auditory Nervous System
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Representation of Frequency in the Auditory Nervous System
3.1 Hypotheses about Discrimination of Frequency
3.2. Frequency Selectivity in the Auditory Nervous System
3.3. Cochlear Non-linearity Is Reflected in Frequency Selectivity of Auditory Nerve Fibers
3.4. Frequency Tuning in Nuclei of the Ascending Auditory Pathways
3.5. Tonotopic Organization in the Nuclei of the Ascending Auditory Pathways
3.6. Extraction of Information from Place Coding of Frequency
4. Coding of Temporal Features
4.1. Coding of Periodic Sounds
4.2. Extraction of Information from the Temporal Pattern of Neural Discharges
5. Is Temporal or Place Code the Basis for Discrimination of Frequency?
5.1. Temporal Hypothesis for Frequency Discrimination of Complex Sounds
5.2. Place Hypothesis for Frequency Discrimination of Complex Sounds
5.3. Preservation of the Temporal Code of Frequency
5.4. Preservation of the Place Code
5.5. Robustness of the Temporal Code
5.6. Robustness of the Place Code of Frequency
5.7. Coding of Speech Sounds
5.8. A Duplex Hypothesis of Frequency Discrimination
5.9. Cochlear Spectral Filtering May Be Important in other Ways than Frequency Discrimination
5.10. Speech Discrimination on Spectral Information Only
5.11. Conclusion
6. Coding of Complex Sounds
6.1. Response to Tone Bursts
6.2. Coding of Small Changes in Amplitude
6.3. Response to Tones with Changing Frequency
6.4. Selectivity to Other Temporal Patterns of Sounds
6.5. Coding of Sound Intensity
6.6. Conclusion
7. Directional Hearing
7.1. Physical Basis for Directional Hearing
7.2. Neurophysiologic Basis for Sound Localization
7.3. Localization in the Vertical Plane
7.4. Representation of Auditory Space (Maps)
8. Efferent System
9. Non-classical Pathways
10. Effect of Anesthesia
CHAPTER 7 Evoked Potentials from the Nervous System
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Near-field Potentials from the Auditory Nervous System
3.1. Recordings from the Auditory Nerve
3.2. Recordings from the Cochlear Nucleus
3.3. Recordings from More Central Parts of the Ascending Auditory Pathways
4. Far-field Auditory Evoked Potentials
4.1. Auditory Brainstem Responses
4.2. Middle Latency Responses
4.3. Far-field Frequency Following Responses in Humans
4.4. Myogenic Auditory Evoked Potentials
CHAPTER 8 Acoustic Middle-ear Reflex
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Neural Pathways of the Acoustic Middle-ear Reflex
4. Physiology
4.1. Responses to Stimulation with Tones
4.2. Functional Importance of the Acoustic Middle-ear Reflex
4.3. Non-acoustic Ways to Elicit Contraction of the Middle-ear Muscles
4.4. Stapedius Contraction May Be Elicited before Vocalization
5. Clinical Use of the Acoustic Middle-ear Reflex
SECTION III DISORDERS OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THEIR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 9 Hearing Impairment
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Pathologies of the Sound Conducting Apparatus
3.1. Ear Canal
3.2. Middle Ear
3.3. Impairment of Sound Conduction in the Cochlea
3.4. Accuracy of Measurements of Conductive Hearing Loss
3.5. Implications of Impairment of Conduction of Sound to the Cochlea
4. Pathologies of the Cochlea
4.1. General Audiometric Signs of Cochlear Pathologies
4.2. Age-related Hearing Loss (Presbycusis)
4.3. Noise Induced Hearing Loss
4.4. Implications of Hearing Loss on Central Auditory Processing
4.5. Modification of Noise Induced Hearing Loss
4.6. Hearing Loss Caused by Ototoxic Agents (Drugs)
4.7. Diseases that Affect the Function of the Cochlea
4.8. Congenital Hearing Impairment
4.9. Infectious Diseases
4.10. Perilymphatic Fistulae
4.11. Changes in Blood Flow in the Cochlea
4.12. Injuries to the Cochlea from Trauma
4.13. Sudden Hearing Loss
5. Implications of Hearing Loss on Central Auditory Processing
5.1 Neural Components of Hearing Loss
5.2. Role of Expression of Neural Plasticity
6. Pathologies from Damage to the Auditory System
6.1. Auditory Nerve
6.2. Other Space-occupying Lesions
7. Pathologies of the Central Auditory Nervous System
7.1. Disorders of the Brainstem Auditory Pathways
7.2. Auditory Cortices
7.3. Efferent System
7.4. Pathologies that Can Affect Binaural Hearing
7.5. Viral Infections
7.6. Ototoxic Drugs
7.7. Sudden Hearing Loss
8. Role of Neural Plasticity in Disorders of the Central Auditory Nervous System
8.1. What Is Neural Plasticity?
8.2. What Can Initiate Expression of Neural Plasticity?
CHAPTER 10 Hyperactive Disorders of the Auditory System
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Subjective Tinnitus
3.1. Assessment of Tinnitus
3.2. Disorders in which Tinnitus Is Frequent
3.3. Causes of Subjective Tinnitus and Other Hyperactive Symptoms
3.4. Role of Expression of Neural Plasticity in Tinnitus
4. Abnormal Perception of Sounds
4.1. Hyperacusis
4.2. Phonophobia
4.3. Misophonia
4.4. Recruitment of Loudness
5. Treatment of Subjective Tinnitus
5.1. Medical Treatment
5.2. Electrical Stimulation
5.3. Surgical Treatment
5.4. Desensitization
6. Treatment of Hyperacusis
CHAPTER 11 Cochlear and Brainstem Implants
1. Introduction
2. Cochlear Implants
2.1. Development of Cochlear Implants
2.2. Function and Design of Cochlear Implants
2.3. Physiological Basis for Cochlear Implants
2.4. Coding of Sound Intensity
2.5. Functions that Are Not Covered by Modern Cochlear Implants
2.6. Success of Cochlear Implants
2.7. Selection Criteria for Cochlear Implant Candidates
3. Cochlear Nucleus Implants
3.1. Function and Design of Auditory Brainstem Implants
3.2. Physiological Basis for Auditory Brainstem Implants
3.3. Success of Auditory Brainstem Implants
3.4. Patient Selection for Auditory Brainstem Implants
4. Role of Neural Plasticity
APPENDIX A Definitions in Anatomy
APPENDIX B Hearing Conservation Programs
1. Introduction
2. Purpose and Design of Hearing Conservation Programs
2.1. Basis for Hearing Conservation Programs
3. Establishment of Noise Standards
3.1. Noise Level and Exposure Time
3.2. Effect of Age-related Hearing Loss
3.3. What Degree of Hearing Loss is Acceptable?
4. Measurement of Noise
4.1. Sound Level Meters
4.2. Noise Dosimeters
5. Personal Protection
5.1. Earplugs and Earmuffs
5.2. Active Noise Cancellation
5.3. Other Means of Reducing the Risk of Noise Induced Hearing Loss
6. Non-occupational Noise Exposure
7. Effect of Noise on Bodily Functions
7.1. Effect of Ultrasound and Infrasound
Appendices References
List of Abbreviations
Index
Book Details
- Hardcover: 328 pages
- Publisher: Academic Press; 2 edition (September 11, 2006)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 0123725194
- ISBN-13: 978-0123725196
- Product Dimensions: 11 x 8.5 x 0.8 inches