- ACE inhibitors
- Alcohol
- A-II antagonists
- Androgens
- Anticonvulsants (phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine)
- Benzodiazepines
- Carbarsone (amebicide)
- Chloramphenicol (third trimester)
- Cyclophosphamide
- Diazoxide
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Disulfiram
- Ergotamine
- Estrogens
- Griseofulvin
- Isotretinoin
- Lithium
- Methotrexate
- Misoprostol
- NSAIDs (third trimester)
- Opioids (prolonged use)
- Progestins
- Radioiodine (antithyroid)
- Reserpine
- Ribavirin
- Sulfonamides (third trimester)
- SSRIs
- Tetracycline (third trimester)
- Thalidomide
- Tobacco smoking
- Trimethoprim (third trimester)
- Warfarin and other coumarin anticoagulants