On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium causing tuberculosis (TB). Koch’s achievement was the first step towards developing tools to control TB. Despite initial success with the discovery of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy 60 years ago, the tubercle bacillus has been a tenacious human enemy, hard to conquer, and today TB disease still kills 5,000 people daily; that is one person every 20 seconds. More than 80 percent of TB cases arise in only 22 countries, most of which are under-resourced. One-third of the world’s population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and 5 to 10 percent of infected people are likely to develop active TB; for those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and very young children, the likelihood of developing and dying from TB is much higher. In 2005, an estimated 1.8 million people died of TB; 195,000 were HIV co-infected. Today, fuelled by the HIV epidemic, TB disproportionately affects young adults in their most productive years. It is pushing medical research to its limits with synergic efforts, interdisciplinary approaches, and translational research using the latest technology.
M. tuberculosis and HIV co-infection produces a deadly partnership making both infections more destructive together than alone. This is most apparent in Africa where, according to World Health Organization (WHO), TB cases increase 10 percent annually in the wake of increasing levels of HIV infection and, directly and indirectly, involve increasing numbers of children. TB control programmes worldwide are increasingly faced with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) unresponsive to treatment that may return control programmes to the pre-antibiotic era, unless care is taken of currently existing drugs and new classes of anti-tuberculosis drugs are developed.
The huge mortality caused by the TB epidemic underscores the importance of continuing clinical, basic science and operational research to better understand how M. tuberculosis interacts with the host. Research findings translated into health care interventions could improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB. This textbook was developed from the understanding that advances in infectious disease research should be translated into applied clinical and management practice using newer guidelines. Over the past decade there has been an explosion of research into all aspects of TB (conventional and molecular epidemiology, organism and host interactions, clinical management schedules for TB and HIV co-infected individuals, new diagnostics, newer therapeutic regimens, newer vaccines, operational and implementation research). The revolution has generated new data that is influencing clinical practice in HIV-infected and uninfected adults and children. Research and funding agendas are better coordinated and serious moves to link funding of TB research and development work are emerging between a conglomerate of official and non governmental agencies. The WHO STOP TB Partnership has established a ‘research movement’ to assist in operational and implementation research. With so much activity in the TB field and growing knowledge being translated into clinical terms, a need to update the literature exists.
Currently there are several TB textbooks available, but they are focused either exclusively on research developments or clinical management guidelines. Furthermore most textbooks focus on adult TB and ignore the growing problem of childhood TB as this was not considered important to public health a decade ago. An enormous amount of new data has now accumulated changing our understanding of transmission dynamics, epidemiology, clinical presentation in HIV-infected adults and children, diagnostics, management and infection control. These data need condensation in a practical clinical textbook incorporating management of the HIV infected patient with active TB. It is apparent on reading several existing TB textbooks that these have been written by authors with limited experience of clinical practice in developing countries, where the majority of TB cases occur. Existing textbooks lack representation of authors from developing countries, particularly Africa. Currently new information on TB generated from clinical and basic science research is published in scientific and medical journals, not readily accessible health workers in poor countries where the brunt of the TB epidemic is borne. The practical management of TB in these countries is based on guidelines formulated several years ago. Most of the practitioners are too busy to catch up with, or do not have access to, the latest developments in the field.
Three years ago an urgent need was recognized for an up-todate, affordable, comprehensive textbook on the clinical management of TB in adults and children, preferably by experts from all over the world, but particularly from TB and HIV/AIDS endemic areas. The challenge was taken up by Professor Alimuddin Zumla (editor of Manson’s Tropical Diseases 21st and 22nd editions; himself a survivor of near fatal TB meningitis as a junior doctor); extensive international work on TB and TB advocacy activities led him to pursue this task with Elsevier Publishing convincing them of the need for a new clinical TB textbook. A strong editorial team was assembled to assist with the challenging task. To balance the book between adult and childhood TB, Professor Zumla (an adult physician) chose Professor Simon Schaaf, a distinguished and very experienced paediatrician from the Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, as co-editor. For the book to be truly globally representative, Professors Zumla and Schaaf enlisted six international leading TB authorities as associate editors: Professor John M Grange (UK and Europe), Dr. Mario C Raviglione (WHO, Geneva), Dr. Wing Wai Yew (Asia), Professor JeffreyRStarke (USA), Professor Madhukar Pai (Canada), and Professor Peter Donald (Africa). This editorial team invited 158 eminent authors from several continents (53 authors from Africa, 32 from USA and Canada, 56 from Europe and 17 from Asia and Australia) to write 107 chapters and 4 appendices to create ‘Tuberculosis: AComprehensive Clinical Reference’ – an up-to-date, globally relevant TB treatise. The chapters present state-of-the-art on nearly every aspect of clinical TB relevant to clinical practice bringing readers up to date with scientific developments. Most chapters are amply illustrated with figures, graphs, tables and a diversity of clinical, pathological and radiological pictures. The chapters are clearly written with a healthy overlap between some chapters. A wide range of approaches is presented, reviewing current knowledge and indicating gaps and challenges; focused on practical information, a thorough overview of the latest topics places a strong emphasis on clinical practice.
This textbook arises from the world-wide need for a comprehensive clinical text with the latest developments in TB research incorporated into advice on day to day clinical practice. Current TB clinical dogma and changing clinical practice due to the ominous consequences of co-infection with HIV and TB are highlighted and the collective experience of 158 authors ensures a unique and practical approach with global appeal. There is information and knowledge for clinical practitioners from major city hospitals to the rural health worker in the TB clinic. Knowledge is provided in clear practical terms to aid a variety of audiences, from general physicians, pulmonologists, TB and HIV clinic staff, medical assistants, nurse practitioners, TB programme staff, medical students, postgraduates, technical staff, clinician scientists (as a clinical guide for scientists), policy makers, politicians and donor agencies.
The bulk of the book is on clinical presentation, diagnosis and management and principles are demonstrated by system based case histories of adults and children. Tuberculosis-a comprehensive reference contains eleven sections. As an introduction to clinical TB, the first three sections provide a brief history, background updates on new knowledge of epidemiology and transmission dynamics, basic science (immunology, pathogenesis of TB and HIV, development of new TB vaccines and pathology and pathogenesis of TB) and natural history of TB. The main clinical thrust is manifested in sections 4 to 8. In these sections clinical presentation and diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in adults and children are discussed. Complicated tuberculosis such as HIV/TB co-infection, MDR and XDR-TB and TB in pregnancy is also covered. Well illustrated chapters on diagnostics and imaging are included. Clinical management (treatment and drug doses) of TB follow on the clinical presentation. Illustrative case histories emphasize day to day problems of clinical practice. Section 9 presents clinical cases of TB in nearly all organ systems and convey the considerable experience of the authors. Section 10 covers Social Science and structural issues in TB and TB/HIV which are always important in the overall study of TB.
The epilogue introduces perspective and emphasises that current advances allow room for optimism to achieve control, but not total eradication.
Key Features
- Discusses screening tests for tuberculosis so you can interpret their results and identify not only common manifestations of the disease, but also those that are comparatively rare-such as tuberculosis in pregnant women.
- Covers all clinical aspects of tuberculosis in children, including current practices on managing those infected with HIV.
- Provides details on how best to interact with the public health system in both industrialized and developing countries.
- Addresses the social aspects of tuberculosis and presents the latest advances on new and potential vaccines against tuberculosis.
- Offers the expertise of internationally recognized tuberculosis clinicians to provide you with well-rounded, global coverage.
- Features numerous illustrations to provide clear and detailed depictions of rare manifestations of tuberculosis.
Contents
SECTION 1 HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Chapter 1 The history of tuberculosis: Past, present, and challenges for the future
- Chapter 2 Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Chapter 3 The global epidemiology of tuberculosis
- Chapter 4 Molecular methods and their application in tuberculosis epidemiology
- Chapter 5 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis
SECTION 2 BASIC SCIENCE
- Chapter 6 The genus Mycobacterium and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Chapter 7 Other mycobacteria causing human disease
- Chapter 8 The basic immunology of tuberculosis
- Chapter 9 Host susceptibility and resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Genetic, neuroendocrine, and acquired factors
- Chapter 10 Co-pathogenesis of tuberculosis and HIV
- Chapter 11 Tuberculosis vaccines
- Chapter 12 Pathology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis
SECTION 3 NATURAL HISTORY OF INFECTION AND DISEASE
- Chapter 13 The natural history of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in adults
- Chapter 14 The natural history of tuberculosis infection and disease in children
- Chapter 15 Human tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and related animal pathogens
SECTION 4 GENERAL CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
- Chapter 16 Clinical features and index of suspicion of tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 17 Clinical features and index of suspicion in adults (HIV-negative and HIV-positive)
- Chapter 18 Microbiological testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Chapter 19 Immune-based tests for tuberculosis
- Chapter 20 Nucleic acid amplification for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Chapter 21 Histopathology and cytopathology
- Chapter 22 Practical approaches to ordering diagnostic tests
- Chapter 23 New diagnostics for tuberculosis
- Chapter 24 Imaging of tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 25 Imaging for tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 26 Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and PET imaging in tuberculosis
- Chapter 27 Management algorithms for tuberculosis where there are few or no diagnostic facilities
- Chapter 28 Management algorithms for paediatric tuberculosis
SECTION 5 CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Chapter 29 Pulmonary tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 30 Pleural effusion and empyema in adult tuberculosis
- Chapter 31 Tuberculous pericarditis and myocarditis in adults and children
- Chapter 32 Intrathoracic tuberculosis in children: The most common clinical presentations Chapter
- Chapter 33 Management of complicated intrathoracic and upper airway tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 34 Overview of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children
- Chapter 35 Tuberculosis lymphadenitis and involvement of the reticuloendothelial system in children
- Chapter 36 Tuberculosis of lymph nodes and the reticuloendothelial system in adults
- Chapter 37 Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults
- Chapter 38 Central nervous system tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 39 Abdominal (gastrointestinal tract) tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 40 Abdominal tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 41 Tuberculosis of the kidney and urinary tract
- Chapter 42 Male genital tuberculosis
- Chapter 43 Female genital tuberculosis
- Chapter 44 Ear, nose, and throat tuberculosis in adults and children
- Chapter 45 Tuberculosis of the breast
- Chapter 46 Ocular tuberculosis in adults and children
- Chapter 47 Dermatological manifestations of tuberculosis in adults and children
- Chapter 48 Musculoskeletal and spinal tuberculosis in adults and children
- Chapter 49 Tuberculosis of endocrine glands in adults and children
- Chapter 50 Surgery in the management of tuberculosis
SECTION 6 CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- Chapter 51 Clinical aspects of tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults
- Chapter 52 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 53 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 54 Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
- Chapter 55 Tuberculosis in non-HIV immunosuppressed patients
- Chapter 56 Tuberculosis in pregnancy and in the neonate
- Chapter 57 Tuberculosis outbreaks in confined situations
SECTION 7 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Chapter 58 General management of tuberculosis in different clinical settings
- Chapter 59 Antituberculosis drugs
- Chapter 60 Drug interactions in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis
- Chapter 61 Tuberculosis drug therapy in children
- Chapter 62 Tuberculosis drug therapy in adults
- Chapter 63 International standards for tuberculosis care
- Chapter 64 Role of communities in tuberculosis care and prevention
- Chapter 65 Operational issues, compliance, and DOTS programmes
- Chapter 66 Management of side effects of antituberculosis drugs
- Chapter 67 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
- Chapter 68 Strategic risk management for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthcare settings
- Chapter 69 Nursing care of patients with tuberculosis
- Chapter 70 Immunotherapy of tuberculosis
- Chapter 71 Current controversies and unresolved issues in adult tuberculosis
- Chapter 72 Laboratory systems and strategies for tuberculosis
- Chapter 73 Priorities in tuberculosis research
SECTION 8 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Chapter 74 BCG: History, evolution, efficacy, and implications in the HIV era
- Chapter 75 Contact tracing and follow-up
- Chapter 76 Prophylaxis with antituberculous drugs in special situations
- Chapter 77 Issues in global tuberculosis control
- Chapter 78 National tuberculosis programmes and tuberculosis control in developing countries
- Chapter 79 Implementation of collaborative tuberculosis/HIV activities: Policy and programme issues
SECTION 9 ILLUSTRATIVE CASE HISTORIES
- Chapter 80 Pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 81 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in adults
- Chapter 82 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 83 Tuberculous meningitis
- Chapter 84 Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults
- Chapter 85 Abdominal tuberculosis: Case study
- Chapter 86 Ear, nasal, and ocular tuberculosis
- Chapter 87 Dermatology case report: Papulonecrotic tuberculosis
- Chapter 88 Tuberculosis of the hip
- Chapter 89 Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland associated with thyrotoxicosis
- Chapter 90 Renal tuberculosis
- Chapter 91 Tuberculosis of epididymis
- Chapter 92 Congenital tuberculosis
- Chapter 93 Deteriorating tuberculosis in a HIV-infected man despite treatment: Immune reconstitution, resistance, or drug malabsorption?
- Chapter 94 Unusual cases
- Chapter 95 Unusual images of tuberculosis in children
- Chapter 96 Spinal tuberculosis in children: A report of a complicated case
- Chapter 97 Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: A study in mimicry
- Chapter 98 Management of an HIV-positive patient with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis
SECTION 10 SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL ISSUES IN TUBERCULOSIS
- Chapter 99 Gender issues in tuberculosis
- Chapter 100 Tuberculosis and migration
- Chapter 101 Tuberculosis control in the workplace
- Chapter 102 Tuberculosis and poverty
- Chapter 103 Clinical trials in tuberculosis
- Chapter 104 Tuberculosis and social justice: A historical perspective
- Chapter 105 The history of the DOTS strategy: Achievements and perspectives
- Chapter 106 The WHO Stop TB Strategy for the coming decade
- Chapter 107 The Global Plan to Stop TB, 2006–2015
APPENDICES
- Appendix 1 Conversion of units for laboratory results
- Appendix 2 Tuberculosis drug information
- Appendix 3 Web sources of information on tuberculosis and global organizations supporting tuberculosis control
- Appendix 4 Tuberculosis research funding
Epilogue
Index
Foreword from Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu
I am honoured to be asked to write the Foreword for this comprehensive textbook. It is a compilation of the writings of more than 100 distinguished TB experts from all over the world. They cover almost every aspect of the disease. I am impressed at the concerted effort being made by scientists and health staff working at different levels, through programmes and in hospitals and clinics, to save lives and prevent morbidity. I applaud and commend them for their efforts to find solutions to curtail the devastating effects of a relentless pandemic.
Tuberculosis is a very old disease which we are still unable to contain. Since early biblical times the two main mycobacterial diseases, tuberculosis (consumption) and leprosy have caused great suffering and death. Although leprosy is now largely controlled, TB continues its rampant course throughout the world. Despite the fact that the cause of TB was discovered nearly 120 years ago it continues to kill 1.8 million people every year and is responsible for 1 in 4 preventable deaths. Tuberculosis has escalated to the point where millions of people a year develop the disease and die. This pandemic is further complicated by the additional burden of drug-resistant TB, HIV and poor health services in many countries that experience the highest number of TB infections. Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of poverty—patients are often victims of their circumstances rather than being responsible for the problem themselves. The resurgence of TB reflects the failure of global, political and economic institutions to improve the lives of poor people.
This textbook with excellent illustrations and photographs will assist the professional and lay reader to understand TB from a variety of perspectives. It provides the latest updates on progress in tackling the disease such as finding solutions for rapidly diagnosing TB, newer drugs and shorter treatment regimens, and more effective vaccines. The chapters ominously illustrate the enormity of the problem: nearly two million deaths each year, the emerging problems of drug-resistant TB and the serious hindrances in diagnosing and managing the disease caused by coinfection with HIV.
While the overall picture for achieving TB control is still gloomy and advance in TB scientific research is slow, there remains room for optimism. Current data from WHO shows that the number of cases of TB reported last year is levelling out in several countries. This surely can be repeated elsewhere. In the short term, TB is likely to continue killing millions each year in poorly resourced countries; sadly the international donor community’s response has been disappointing. This is a disease that can be overcome and I challenge donors to support the work of thousands of dedicated healthcare workers, volunteers, scientists and doctors who are doing their best at the coalface.
I am encouraged that this book contains substantial contributions from authors from Africa, particularly South Africa, where TB is taking its toll. By uniting African authors with their colleagues in Europe, Asia and the USA the editors have demonstrated that the way forward in the fight against TB is to move forward together.
A vast amount of knowledge has been generated on the subject of TB in the past decade. This book gives a very helpful overview of this material in a readable form. Its publication is timely. I remind the donor community of the urgent need to work towards controlling TB worldwide. We can do it together.
Book Details
- Hardcover: 1046 pages
- Publisher: Saunders; 1 edition (May 4, 2009)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 1416039880
- ISBN-13: 978-1416039884
List Price: $228.00