Since the publication of this book in 2005, the growth of positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT modality has been phenomenal with the discovery of efficient detectors and the addition of sophisticated scanners and powerful software. Because of the vast advancement and changes in technology, and also with great appreciation of the success of the first edition, a second edition of the book would be appropriate. The book is revised to again fulfill the needs of nuclear medicine professionals such as physicians, technologists, and residents, along with students for their board examination and training. The contents of the book have been kept at the basic level as was in the first edition.
The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chapters have been revised very extensively, while others have only minor changes:
Contents
Chapter 1. Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter
Chapter 2. PET Scanning Systems
Chapter 3. Data Acquisition and Corrections
Chapter 4. Image Reconstruction
Chapter 5. Storage, Display, and PACS
Chapter 6. Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners
Chapter 7. Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides
Chapter 8. Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals
Chapter 9. Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals
Chapter 10. Reimbursement for PET Procedures
Appendix
The organization of the book essentially has remained the same. Some chapters have been revised very extensively, while others have only minor changes:
- No change has been made in Chapter 1 as it is based on basic physics.
- Extensive revision has been made in Chapter 2 and 3 to include up-to-date information on detectors, scanners, and data collection.
- Chapter 4 in the original edition has been divided into Chapter 4 and 5 to allow for a separate chapter on “Storage, Display, and PACS.”
- Chapter 6 has been updated with new information on NEMA standards on acceptance tests of PET scanners.
- New PET radionuclides and the list of current available cyclotrons have been added to Chapter 7.
- Chapter 8 includes a section on Compounding of PET Radiopharmaceuticals, in addition to several new PET radiopharmaceuticals.
- New regulations concerning the use of PET radiopharmaceuticals, the licensing of physicians and technologists, and the accreditation of PET facilities to be eligible for reimbursement for PET procedures are all included in Chapter 9.
- Chapter 10 has been revised, focusing on the issues of current reimbursement issues for PET studies.
- Only minor changes have been made in Chapter 11 and 12 to include up-to-date information.
- Questions have been added at the end of each chapter, as appropriate, to reflect the changes in contents.
Chapter 1. Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter
- Atomic Structure
- Radioactive Decay
- α- Decay
- β−Decay
- Positron (β+) Decay
- Electron Capture
- Isomeric Transition
- Radioactive Decay Equations
- General Decay Equations
- Successive Decay Equations
- Units of Radioactivity
- Units of Radioactivity in System Internationale
- Calculations
- Interaction of Radiation with Matter
- Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter
- Interaction of γ Radiation with Matter
- Questions
Chapter 2. PET Scanning Systems
- Background
- Solid Scintillation Detectors in PET
- Photomultiplier Tube
- Pulse Height Analyzer
- Arrangement of Detectors
- PET Scanners
- Coincidence Scintillation Cameras
- PET / CT Scanners
- Small Animal PET Scanner
- Mobile PET or PET / CT
- Questions
Chapter 3. Data Acquisition and Corrections
- PET Data Acquisition
- Time of Flight Method
- Two-Dimensional vs. Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition
- Factors Affecting Acquired PET Data
- Normalization
- Photon Attenuation
- Attenuation Correction Methods
- Random Coincidences
- Scatter Coincidences
- Correction for Scatter Coincidences
- Dead Time
- Radial Elongation
- PET / CT Data Acquisition
- Factors Affecting PET/ CT Data
- Questions
Chapter 4. Image Reconstruction
- Simple Back projection
- Filtered Back projection
- The Fourier Method
- Types of Filters
- Iterative Reconstruction
- 3D Reconstruction
- Partial Volume Effect
- Questions
Chapter 5. Storage, Display, and PACS
- Storage
- Display
- Software and DICOM
- PACS
- Teleradiology
- Questions
Chapter 6. Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners
- Spatial Resolution
- Sensitivity
- Noise Equivalent Count Rate
- Scatter Fraction
- Contrast
- Quality Control of PET Scanners
- Daily Quality Control Tests
- Weekly Quality Control Tests
- Acceptance Tests for PET Scanners
- Spatial Resolution
- Scatter Fraction
- Sensitivity
- Count Rate Losses and Random Coincidences
- Quality Control of CT Scanners
- Questions
Chapter 7. Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides
- Cyclotron Operation
- Medical Cyclotron
- Nuclear Reaction
- Target and Its Processing
- Equation for Production of Radionuclides
- Specific Activity
- Production of Positron-Emitting Radionuclides
- Fluorine-18
- Carbon-11
- Nitrogen-13
- Oxygen-15
- Iodine-124
- Strontium-82
- Technetium-94m
- Germanium-68
- Copper-62
- Questions
Chapter 8. Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- 18F-Sodium Fluoride
- 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose
- 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa
- 18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT)
- 18F-BMS-747158-02
- 18F-O-(2-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine (FET)
- 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO)
- 18F-1-(5-fluoro-5-deoxy-α-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (FAZA)
- 15O-Water
- n-15O-Butanol
- 13N-Ammonia
- 11C-Sodium Acetate
- 11C-Flumazenil
- 11C-Methylspiperone
- 11C-L-Methionine
- 11C-Raclopride
- 11C-Choline
- 62Cu-Pyruvaldehyde-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato) Copper (II) (PTSM)
- 82Rb-Rubidium Chloride
- Automated Synthesis Devices
- Compounding of PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Human Use
- Components, Materials, and Supplies
- Compounding Procedure Verification
- Dispensing of PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- Aseptic Technique
- Quality Control of PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- Methods of Quality Control
- USP Specifications for Routine PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose
- 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa
- 13N-Ammonia
- Questions
Chapter 9. Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- Food and Drug Administration
- Exploratory IND
- Radioactive Drug Research Committee
- Difference Between RDRC and Exploratory IND
- Radiation Regulations for PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- License or Registration
- Accreditation of PET Center
- Regulations for Radiation Protection
- Definitions
- Caution Signs and Labels
- Radiation Safety Officer
- Occupational Dose Limits
- Personnel Monitoring
- Receiving and Monitoring of Radioactive Packages
- ALARA Program
- Radioactive Waste Disposal
- Surveys for Radiation Exposure and Contamination
- Syringe and Vial Shields
- Use of Dose Calibrator
- Radioactive Spill
- Record Keeping
- Principles of Radiation Protection
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
- Activity
- Do’s and Don’ts in Radiation Protection Practice
- Department of Transportation
- Distribution of 18F-FDG
- Questions
Chapter 10. Reimbursement for PET Procedures
- Background
- Coverage
- Coding
- CPT, HCPCS, and APC Codes
- Diagnosis Codes
- Payment
- Hospital Inpatient Services: Medicare
- Hospital Outpatient Services: Medicare
- Payment for PET Radiopharmaceuticals
- Physician’s Payment by Medicare
- Freestanding Facilities: Medicare
- Nonmedicare Payers: All Settings
- Billing
- Billing Process
- Chronology of Reimbursement for PET Procedures
- National Oncologic PET Registry
- Questions
- Site Planning
- Passage
- PET Center
- Scanner Section
- Cyclotron Section
- Office Area
- Caveat
- Shielding
- Case Study
- Cost of PET / CT and Cyclotron Operation
- Questions
- Whole-Body PET Imaging with 18F-FDG
- Physician’s Directive
- Patient Preparation
- Dosage Administration
- Scan
- Reconstruction and Storage
- Whole-Body PET/CT Imaging with 18F-FDG
- Physician Directive
- Patient Preparation
- Dosage Administration
- Scan
- Reconstruction and Storage
- Myocardial Metabolic PET or PET/CT Imaging with 18F-FDG
- Patient Preparation
- Scan
- Reconstruction and Storage
- Myocardial Perfusion PET or PET/CT Imaging with 82Rb-RbCl
- Patient Preparation
- Dosage Administration and Scan
- Reconstruction and Storage
- Addendum
- 82Rb Infusion Pump
Appendix
- Appendix A. Abbreviations Used in the Text
- Appendix B. Terms Used in the Text
- Appendix C. Units and Constants
- Appendix D. Estimated Absorbed Doses from Intravenous Administration of 18F-FDG and 82Rb-RbCl
- Appendix E. Evaluation of Tumor Uptake of 18F-FDG by PET
- Appendix F. Answers to Selected Questions
Book Details
- Hardcover: 314 pages
- Publisher: Springer; 2nd edition (March 15, 2010)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 1441908048
- ISBN-13: 978-1441908049
- Product Dimensions: 9.2 x 6.1 x 0.8 inches